Objective This systematic review aims to provide a summary of the use of real-time telementoring, telesurgical consultation and telesurgery in surgical procedures in patients in low/middle-income countries (LMICs). Design A systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement and the Cochrane Collaboration published guidelines. Data sources EMBASE, MEDLINE, Cochrane, PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for original articles and case reports that discussed telementoring, telesurgery or telesurgical consultation in countries defined as low-income or middle-income (as per the World Banks’s 2021–2022 classifications) from inception to August 2021. Eligibility criteria for selecting studies All original articles and case reports were included if they reported the use of telemedicine, telesurgery or telesurgical consultation in procedures conducted on patients in LMICs. Results There were 12 studies which discussed the use of telementoring in 55 patients in LMICs and included a variety of surgical specialities. There was one study that discussed the use of telesurgical consultation in 15 patients in LMICs and one study that discussed the use of telesurgery in one patient. Conclusion The presence of intraoperative telemedicine in LMICs represents a principal move towards improving access to specialist surgical care for patients in resource-poor settings. Not only do several studies demonstrate that it facilitates training and educational opportunities, but it remains a relatively frugal and efficient method of doing so, through empowering local surgeons in LMICs towards offering optimal care while remaining in their respective communities. Data are available upon reasonable request.

中文翻译：

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无国界的剧院：对中低收入国家 (LMIC) 术中远程医疗使用情况的系统评价

目的 本系统评价旨在总结实时远程指导、远程外科会诊和远程手术在低/中等收入国家 (LMIC) 患者的外科手术中的使用情况。设计 根据系统评价和元分析的首选报告项目声明和 Cochrane 协作组织发布的指南进行系统评价。数据来源 EMBASE、MEDLINE、Cochrane、PubMed 和 Google Scholar 被搜索原始文章和案例报告，这些文章和案例报告讨论了在定义为低收入或中等收入国家（根据世界银行的 2021-2022 分类）的远程指导、远程手术或远程手术会诊从成立到 2021 年 8 月。选择研究的资格标准 如果原始文章和病例报告报告了在对中低收入国家患者进行的程序中使用远程医疗、远程手术或远程外科会诊，则包括在内。结果 有 12 项研究讨论了在 LMIC 的 55 名患者中使用远程指导，包括各种外科专业。有一项研究讨论了在 LMIC 的 15 名患者中使用远程手术会诊的情况，还有一项研究讨论了在一名患者中使用远程手术的情况。结论 LMICs 术中远程医疗的存在代表了改善资源贫乏地区患者获得专科手术护理机会的主要举措。多项研究不仅表明它有利于培训和教育机会，但它仍然是一种相对节俭和有效的方法，通过授权中低收入国家的当地外科医生在留在各自社区的同时提供最佳护理。可应合理要求提供数据。