Two vital policy aims—biodiversity conservation and food production—are increasingly in conflict. Efforts to evaluate trade-offs between agriculture and conservation have shaped scholarly discourse around two broad strategies to agricultural production that seek to either “share” land with biodiversity or “spare” land from agriculture. However, efforts to negotiate these trade-offs are challenged by rising concern for the welfare of individual animals, both wild and domestic. We use recent efforts to “coexist” with large carnivores to illustrate how sharing and sparing strategies both create tragic, and often unacknowledged trade-offs between livestock production and carnivore conservation. We conclude the best means of conserving carnivores while feeding the world's growing population requires explicitly confronting and adjudicating ethical trade-offs associated with sharing and sparing approaches. To accomplish this, we recommend engaging scholars trained in ethics and social justice and use of deliberative processes to synthesize disparate facts and competing values when evaluating trade-offs.

中文翻译：

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悲惨的权衡伴随着现代世界的食肉动物共存

两个重要的政策目标——生物多样性保护和粮食生产——越来越相互冲突。评估农业和保护之间权衡的努力已经形成了围绕农业生产的两种广泛战略的学术讨论，这些战略寻求要么与生物多样性“分享”土地，要么从农业中“腾出”土地。然而，谈判这些权衡的努力受到了对野生动物和家养动物个体福利的日益关注的挑战。我们利用最近与大型食肉动物“共存”的努力来说明共享和节约策略如何在畜牧生产和食肉动物保护之间造成悲惨的、通常未被承认的权衡。我们总结了在养活世界的同时保护食肉动物的最佳方法' 不断增长的人口需要明确面对和裁定与共享和节约方法相关的道德权衡。为了做到这一点，我们建议让受过伦理和社会正义培训的学者参与进来，并在评估权衡时使用审议过程来综合不同的事实和相互竞争的价值观。