The origin, development, and legacy of the enigmatic Etruscan civilization from the central region of the Italian peninsula known as Etruria have been debated for centuries. Here we report a genomic time transect of 82 individuals spanning almost two millennia (800 BCE to 1000 CE) across Etruria and southern Italy. During the Iron Age, we detect a component of Indo-European–associated steppe ancestry and the lack of recent Anatolian-related admixture among the putative non–Indo-European–speaking Etruscans. Despite comprising diverse individuals of central European, northern African, and Near Eastern ancestry, the local gene pool is largely maintained across the first millennium BCE. This drastically changes during the Roman Imperial period where we report an abrupt population-wide shift to ~50% admixture with eastern Mediterranean ancestry. Last, we identify northern European components appearing in central Italy during the Early Middle Ages, which thus formed the genetic landscape of present-day Italian populations.

中文翻译：

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伊特鲁里亚人的起源和遗产通过 2000 年的考古基因组时间样带

来自意大利半岛中部地区伊特鲁里亚的神秘伊特鲁里亚文明的起源、发展和遗产已经争论了几个世纪。在这里，我们报告了跨越伊特鲁里亚和意大利南部近两千年（公元前 800 年至公元 1000 年）的 82 个人的基因组时间横断面。在铁器时代，我们检测到印欧语相关的草原血统的一个组成部分，并且在推定的非印欧语伊特鲁里亚人中缺乏最近与安纳托利亚相关的混合物。尽管由中欧、北非和近东血统的不同个体组成，当地的基因库在公元前第一个千年基本保持不变。这在罗马帝国时期发生了巨大变化，我们报告了整个人口突然转变为约 50% 与东地中海血统的混合。最后的，