Several benefits can be acquired through physical exercise. Different classes of biomolecules are responsible for the cross-talk between distant organs. The secretome of skeletal muscles, and more widely the field of organokines, is ever-expanding. "Exerkine" has emerged as the umbrella term covering any humoral factors secreted into circulation by tissues in response to exercise. This review aims at describing the most interesting exerkines discovered in the last 3 years, which are paving the way for both physiological novel insights and potential medical strategies. The five exerkines identified all play a significant role in the healthy effect of exercise. Specifically: miR-1192, released by muscles and myocardium into circulation, by modulating cardioprotective effect in trained mice; miR-342-5p, located into exosomes from vascular endothelial cells, also a cardioprotective miRNA in trained young humans; apelin, released by muscles into circulation, involved in anti-inflammatory pathways and muscle regenerative capacity in rats; GDF-15, released into circulation from yet unknown source, whose effects can be observed on multiple organs in young men after a single bout of exercise; oxytocin, released by myoblasts and myotubes, with autocrine and paracrine functions in myotubes. The systemic transport by vesicles and the crosstalk between distant organs deserve a deep investigation. Sources, targets, transport mechanisms, biological roles, population samples, frequency, intensity, time and type of exercise should be considered for the characterization of existing and novel exerkines. The "exercise is medicine" framework should include exerkines in favor of novel insights for public health.

中文翻译：

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奇迹练习——新颖的见解：最先进的批判性评论。

通过体育锻炼可以获得一些好处。不同类别的生物分子负责远处器官之间的串扰。骨骼肌的分泌组，以及更广泛的有机因子领域，正在不断扩大。“Exerkine”已成为涵盖组织响应运动而分泌到循环中的任何体液因子的总称。这篇综述旨在描述过去 3 年中发现的最有趣的运动因子，它们为生理学新见解和潜在医学策略铺平了道路。确定的五种运动因子都在运动的健康作用中发挥着重要作用。具体来说：miR-1192，由肌肉和心肌释放到循环中，通过调节训练小鼠的心脏保护作用；miR-342-5p，位于血管内皮细胞的外泌体中，也是受过训练的年轻人的心脏保护性 miRNA；apelin，由肌肉释放到循环中，参与大鼠的抗炎途径和肌肉再生能力；GDF-15，从未知来源释放到循环中，在一次运动后可以观察到其对年轻男性多个器官的影响；催产素，由成肌细胞和肌管释放，在肌管中具有自分泌和旁分泌功能。囊泡的全身运输和远处器官之间的串扰值得深入研究。来源、目标、运输机制、生物学作用、人群样本、频率、强度、时间和运动类型应考虑到现有和新型运动的表征。“运动就是药”