Soft bioelectronic interfaces for mapping and modulating excitable networks at high resolution and at large scale can enable paradigm-shifting diagnostics, monitoring, and treatment strategies. Yet, current technologies largely rely on materials and fabrication schemes that are expensive, do not scale, and critically limit the maximum attainable resolution and coverage. Solution processing is a cost-effective manufacturing alternative, but biocompatible conductive inks matching the performance of conventional metals are lacking. Here, we introduce MXtrodes, a class of soft, high-resolution, large-scale bioelectronic interfaces enabled by Ti₃C₂ MXene (a two-dimensional transition metal carbide nanomaterial) and scalable solution processing. We show that the electrochemical properties of MXtrodes exceed those of conventional materials and do not require conductive gels when used in epidermal electronics. Furthermore, we validate MXtrodes in applications ranging from mapping large-scale neuromuscular networks in humans to cortical neural recording and microstimulation in swine and rodent models. Last, we demonstrate that MXtrodes are compatible with standard clinical neuroimaging modalities.

中文翻译：

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用于多尺度电生理学和刺激的 MXene 注入生物电子接口

用于以高分辨率和大规模映射和调节可兴奋网络的软生物电子接口可以实现范式转变的诊断、监测和治疗策略。然而，当前的技术很大程度上依赖于昂贵的材料和制造方案，无法扩展，并且严重限制了可达到的最大分辨率和覆盖范围。溶液加工是一种经济高效的制造替代方案，但缺乏与传统金属性能相匹配的生物相容性导电油墨。在这里，我们介绍 MXtrodes，一类柔软、高分辨率、大规模生物电子接口，由 Ti ₃ C ₂ MXene（一种二维过渡金属碳化物纳米材料）和可扩展的溶液处理实现。我们证明 MXtrodes 的电化学性能超过了传统材料，并且在表皮电子器件中使用时不需要导电凝胶。此外，我们还验证了 MXtrodes 的应用范围，从绘制人类大规模神经肌肉网络到皮层神经记录和猪和啮齿动物模型的微刺激。最后，我们证明 MXtrodes 与标准临床神经影像模式兼容。