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Nonresonant CARS Imaging of Porous and Solid Silicon Nanoparticles in Human Cells
ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering ( IF 5.8 ) Pub Date : 2021-09-23 , DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00771
Maxim B Gongalsky 1 , Daniela A Muftieva 1 , Jukka K S Saarinen 2 , Antti Isomaki 3 , Nikolay V Pervushin 4 , Gelina S Kopeina 4 , Leena J Peltonen 2 , Clare J Strachan 2 , Boris Zhivotovsky 4, 5 , Hélder A Santos 2, 6 , Liubov A Osminkina 1, 7
Affiliation  

Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS), a nonlinear optical method for rapid visualization of biological objects, represents a progressive tool in biology and medicine to explore cells and tissue structures in living systems and biopsies. In this study, we report efficient nonresonant CARS imaging of silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) in human cells as a proof of concept. As both bulk and porous silicon exhibit a high third-order nonlinear susceptibility, χ(3), which is responsible for the CARS intensity, it is possible to visualize the SiNPs without specific labels. Porous and solid SiNPs were obtained from layers of porous and nonporous silicon nanowires and mesoporous silicon. Electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy showed that porous SiNPs consisted of ∼3 nm silicon nanocrystals (nc-Si) and pores, whereas solid nanoparticles comprised ∼30 nm nc-Si. All types of SiNPs were nontoxic at concentrations up to 500 μg/mL after 24 h of incubation with cells. We demonstrated that although nc-Si possesses a distinguished narrow Raman band of about 520 cm–1, it is possible to detect a high CARS signal from SiNPs in the epi-direction even in a nonresonant regime. 3D CARS images showed that all types of studied SiNPs were visualized as bright spots inside the cytoplasm of cells after 3–6 h of incubation because of the contrast provided by the high third-order nonlinear susceptibility of SiNPs, which is 1 × 104 to 1 × 105 times higher than that of water and typical biological media. Overall, CARS microscopy can provide localization of SiNPs within biological structures at the cellular level and can be a powerful tool for in vitro monitoring of silicon-based drug delivery systems or use SiNPs as labels to monitor various bioprocesses inside living cells.

中文翻译:

人体细胞中多孔和固体硅纳米粒子的非共振 CARS 成像

相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射 (CARS) 是一种用于快速可视化生物对象的非线性光学方法,代表了生物学和医学中探索生命系统和活组织检查中细胞和组织结构的进步工具。在这项研究中,我们报告了人体细胞中硅纳米粒子 (SiNP) 的高效非共振 CARS 成像作为概念证明。由于体硅和多孔硅都表现出高三阶非线性磁化率,χ (3),它负责 CARS 强度,可以在没有特定标签的情况下可视化 SiNP。从多孔和无孔硅纳米线和中孔硅层获得多孔和实心 SiNP。电子显微镜和拉曼光谱显示多孔 SiNP 由~3 nm 的硅纳米晶体 (nc-Si) 和孔组成,而固体纳米粒子包含~30 nm 的 nc-Si。在与细胞孵育 24 小时后,所有类型的 SiNP 在浓度高达 500 μg/mL 时都是无毒的。我们证明,尽管 nc-Si 具有约 520 cm –1的显着窄拉曼带,即使在非共振状态下,也可以在外延方向上检测到来自 SiNP 的高 CARS 信号。3D CARS 图像显示,由于 SiNP 的高三阶非线性磁化率(1 × 10 4 至 1 × 10 4至1 × 10 5比水和典型生物介质高。总的来说,CARS 显微镜可以在细胞水平上提供 SiNPs 在生物结构内的定位,并且可以成为体外监测硅基药物输送系统或使用 SiNPs 作为标签监测活细胞内各种生物过程的强大工具。
更新日期:2021-09-23
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