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The late persistence of the Middle Palaeolithic and Neandertals in Iberia: A review of the evidence for and against the “Ebro Frontier” model
Quaternary Science Reviews ( IF 4 ) Pub Date : 2021-09-21 , DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107098
João Zilhão 1, 2, 3
Affiliation  

In the Franco-Cantabrian region and Catalonia, the Upper Palaeolithic begins with three assemblage-types found in stratigraphic order through the interval between 45,000 and 37,000 years ago: the Châtelperronian, the Protoaurignacian, and the Early Aurignacian. A stone tool, the Châtelperron point, and a bone tool, the split-based point, are index fossils of the first and the last, respectively, but neither was ever found elsewhere in Iberia. This observation triggered the proposition that, in regions situated to the south of the River Ebro drainage, the Middle Palaeolithic persisted until the time when the Early Aurignacian gave way to the Evolved Aurignacian, which is documented across all of Iberia by assemblages containing its index fossil, the Roc-de-Combe bladelet. Put forth thirty years ago, this Ebro Frontier model found support in the little radiometric evidence then available. Since, it has been shown that most apparently late occurrences of the Middle Palaeolithic were an artefact of dating error, caused by incomplete decontamination of radiocarbon dating samples, while claims have surfaced for the Early Aurignacian to be more widespread than hitherto thought. While the validity of Ebro Frontier's premises has thereby been called into question, continued support for the model is provided by the excavation of new sites, the re-excavation of old ones, the application of luminescence techniques, and the radiocarbon dating of robustly pre-treated samples. Moreover, and highlighting the key role that site formation process and taphonomy continue to play in ongoing controversies, issues of association between the samples and what they are supposed to date cast doubt on the two key claims for the presence of the Early Aurignacian in Andalusia and Portugal. Along with the Iberian System range, the Cantabro-Pyrenean cordillera represents a formidable physical obstacle to travel and communication, potentially enhanced during Last Glacial times because of rapid and major fluctuations in aridity, glacier extent, and plant cover. This barrier effect underpins the divergent culture-historical trajectories that we see unfolding at various times during the Upper Pleistocene. Beyond the Middle-to-Upper Palaeolithic transition, a well-known case in point is the interval between 20,000 and 22,000 years ago, during which the Badegoulian and the Initial Magdalenian of France and northern Spain developed in parallel with facies of the Upper Solutrean and the Solutreo-gravettian then persisting across all Iberian regions situated between Valencia and Portugal. Given known associations between technocomplexes and human types, these regions' Late Mousterian can be taken as a proxy for the persistence of Neandertal populations, and therefore constitutes a case study of choice for analyses of the variation in the intensity and frequency of biological and cultural interactions among low-density, small-scale populations of Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers. Such analyses have implications for models of the spread of genes, populations, and ideas in the course of Human Evolution, which would greatly benefit from due consideration of the issues of historical contingency that the Iberian evidence sheds much light on.



中文翻译:

伊比利亚中旧石器时代中期和尼安德特人的晚期持久性:支持和反对“埃布罗边境”模型的证据回顾

在佛朗哥-坎塔布连地区和加泰罗尼亚,旧石器时代晚期开始于 45,000 至 37,000 年前的地层顺序中发现的三种组合类型:Châtelperronian、Protoaurignacian 和早 Aurignacian。一个石器,Châtelperron 点,和一个骨工具,裂基点,分别是第一个和最后一个的索引化石,但在伊比利亚的其他地方都没有发现过。这一观察引发了这样一个命题,即在位于埃布罗河流域以南的地区,旧石器时代中期一直持续到早期奥里尼亚克人让位于进化的奥里尼亚克人,后者在整个伊比利亚都有记载,其中包含其索引化石的组合,Roc-de-Combe 小刀。三十年前提出,这个 Ebro Frontier 模型在当时可用的少量辐射测量证据中找到了支持。从那时起,已经表明,旧石器时代中期最明显的晚期事件是由放射性碳测年样本未完全净化引起的测年错误的人工制品,而关于早期 Aurignacian 的说法已经浮出水面,比迄今为止认为的更广泛。虽然 Ebro Frontier 的前提的有效性因此受到质疑,但对新遗址的挖掘、旧遗址的重新挖掘、发光技术的应用以及强有力的放射性碳测年为该模型提供了持续的支持。处理过的样品。此外,强调遗址形成过程和埋藏学在持续争议中继续发挥的关键作用,样本之间的关联问题以及它们应该确定的日期使人们对安达卢西亚和葡萄牙存在早期奥里尼亚克阶的两个关键断言产生怀疑。与伊比利亚山脉一样,坎塔布罗-比利牛斯山脉对旅行和交流构成了巨大的物理障碍,由于干旱、冰川范围和植物覆盖的快速和重大波动,在末次冰河时期可能会增强。这种屏障效应巩固了我们在上更新世不同时期看到的不同文化历史轨迹。除了旧石器时代中期到上层的过渡,一个众所周知的例子是 20,000 到 22,000 年前的间隔,在此期间,法国和西班牙北部的 Badegoulian 和初始 Magdalenian 与上 Solutrean 和 Solutreo-gravettian 相并行发展,然后持续存在于位于瓦伦西亚和葡萄牙之间的所有伊比利亚地区。鉴于技术复合体与人类类型之间的已知关联,这些地区的晚穆斯特时代可以作为尼安德特人持续存在的代表,因此构成了分析生物和文化互动强度和频率变化的首选案例研究在旧石器时代狩猎采集者的低密度、小规模人口中。这种分析对人类进化过程中基因、种群和思想的传播模型有影响,

更新日期:2021-09-22
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