Large carnivores can represent the ultimate challenge for conservation in developed landscapes because of their large area requirements and potential for conflict with humans. Some large carnivores such as mountain lions (Puma concolor) can use a wide range of biomes and vegetation types, and in southern California, USA, they persist in metropolitan Los Angeles, a megacity of 18 million people. Understanding how large carnivores use highly altered landscapes is important for their conservation and management. We estimated home range size, landscape use, and landscape selection for mountain lions in the Santa Monica Mountains and surrounding areas for 29 subadult and adult animals from 2002 to 2016, using 128,133 locations from global positioning system (GPS)-collars. Home range size was similar to that reported by other researchers; home ranges averaged 372 km² for adult males and 134 km² for adult females, except for 2 adult males in isolated habitat fragments that maintained 2 of the smallest adult male home ranges ever recorded (24 km² and 54 km²). Mountain lions very rarely entered developed areas, consistently avoided altered open areas such as golf courses, cemeteries, or other landscaped spaces, and showed a positive relationship between home range size and amount of development, all indicating that developed areas have reduced value for mountain lions. Mountain lions from all sex and age classes selected areas closer to development than expected by chance, which could be related to the presence of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) or other prey in or adjacent to urbanization. For 2 adult males that occupied home ranges within the most urban portions of our study area, their response to urban development differed strongly across diurnal periods, ranging from avoidance during the day to selection at night. Shrub vegetation types, especially chaparral, were important in terms of habitat use and resource selection, highlighting their importance for conservation of the species in southern California. North America's largest felid can thrive in shrublands and persist even in one of the world's largest cities, although they only very rarely venture into developed areas within that city. © 2021 The Wildlife Society.

中文翻译：

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大城市里的大猫：大洛杉矶美洲狮的空间生态

大型食肉动物可能代表发达景观保护的最终挑战，因为它们的面积要求很大，并且可能与人类发生冲突。一些大型食肉动物，如美洲狮（美洲狮) 可以使用广泛的生物群落和植被类型，并且在美国加利福尼亚州南部，他们坚持在大都市洛杉矶，一个拥有 1800 万人口的特大城市。了解大型食肉动物如何利用高度改变的景观对于它们的保护和管理很重要。我们使用全球定位系统 (GPS) 项圈中的 128,133 个位置，估计了 2002 年至 2016 年圣莫尼卡山脉及周边地区 29 只亚成年和成年动物的栖息地大小、景观使用和景观选择。家庭范围的大小与其他研究人员报告的相似；成年男性的平均家庭范围为 372 公里²，而平均为 134 公里²对于成年雌性，除了在孤立的栖息地碎片中的 2 只成年雄性，它们维持着有史以来最小的成年雄性栖息地中的 2 个（24 公里²和 54 公里²）。美洲狮极少进入发达地区，始终避免改变开放区域，如高尔夫球场、墓地或其他景观空间，并显示出栖息地大小与开发量之间的正相关关系，所有这些都表明发达地区对美洲狮的价值降低. 所有性别和年龄等级的美洲狮都选择了比预期更接近发育的区域，这可能与骡鹿（Odocoileus hemionus）的存在有关) 或城市化中或邻近城市化的其他猎物。对于居住在我们研究区域大部分城市部分的家庭范围内的 2 名成年男性，他们对城市发展的反应在昼夜期间存在很大差异，从白天的回避到晚上的选择。灌木植被类型，尤其是丛林，在栖息地利用和资源选择方面很重要，突出了它们对南加州物种保护的重要性。北美最大的猫科动物可以在灌木丛中茁壮成长，即使在世界上最大的城市之一也能生存，尽管它们很少冒险进入该城市的发达地区。© 2021 野生动物协会。