We investigated antibiotic resistance profiles of Escherichia coli among 960 samples obtained from chickens (236), humans (243), rodents (101) and soil (290). E. coli was isolated from 650 (67.7%) samples. Isolation frequency varied significantly between chickens, humans, rodents and soil samples, being 81.6%, 86.5%, 79.2% and 31.0%, respectively (p < 0.001). Resistance rates were particularly higher against imipenem (79.8%), cefotaxime (79.7%) and tetracycline (73.7%) and moderate against amoxicillin-clavulanate (49.4%). Overall, 78.8% of the isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR) among which, 38.8%, 25.1%, 12.9% and 2.5% exhibited resistance to three, four, five and six different classes of antibiotics, respectively. Multidrug-resistant E. coli were observed in 27.7%, 30.3%, 10.8% and 10.0% of the isolates from chickens, humans, rodents and soil samples, respectively. Our results show high levels of antimicrobial resistance including MDR in E. coli isolated from chickens, humans, rodents and soil samples in Karatu, Northern Tanzania. Comprehensive interventions using a one-health approach are needed and should include improving (i) awareness of the community on judicious use of antimicrobial agents in humans and animals, (ii) house conditions and waste management and (iii) rodent control measures.

中文翻译：

---

坦桑尼亚北部卡拉图的鸡、人、啮齿动物和家庭土壤中多重耐药大肠杆菌的发生

我们在从鸡 (236)、人类 (243)、啮齿动物 (101) 和土壤 (290) 获得的 960 个样本中研究了大肠杆菌的抗生素耐药性概况。从 650 (67.7%) 个样品中分离出大肠杆菌。鸡、人、啮齿动物和土壤样品的分离频率差异很大，分别为 81.6%、86.5%、79.2% 和 31.0% ( p < 0.001)。对亚胺培南 (79.8%)、头孢噻肟 (79.7%) 和四环素 (73.7%) 的耐药率特别高，对阿莫西林-克拉维酸 (49.4%) 的耐药率中等。总体而言，78.8% 的分离株具有多重耐药性 (MDR)，其中 38.8%、25.1%、12.9% 和 2.5% 分别对三、四、五和六种不同类别的抗生素表现出耐药性。多重耐药分别在 27.7%、30.3%、10.8% 和 10.0% 的鸡、人、啮齿动物和土壤样本的分离物中观察到大肠杆菌。我们的结果表明，从坦桑尼亚北部卡拉图的鸡、人类、啮齿动物和土壤样本中分离的大肠杆菌中存在高水平的抗菌素耐药性，包括耐多药耐药性。需要使用单一健康方法进行综合干预，并应包括提高 (i) 社区对人类和动物明智使用抗菌药物的认识，(ii) 房屋条件和废物管理以及 (iii) 啮齿动物控制措施。