Acmella oleracea (L.) R.K. Jansen, also named jambù, is an edible and medicinal plant native to Brazil but extensively cultivated all over the world due to its diverse utilizations in food, cosmetics, pharmaceutics, and pest management science. Most of applications are related to the presence of active ingredients, namely alkylamides, among which spilanthol is the most important one. On the other hand, the plant biomass resulting from the large-scale cultivation of A. oleracea may yield an essential oil (EO), which can be used for some industrial purposes, for instance as larvicide against vector mosquitoes. This EO is mainly characterized by mono- and sesquiterpenes, however also spilanthol can be detected in the mixture. To maximize the content of spilanthol in the A. oleracea EO, A. oleracea aerial parts obtained from a cultivation in central Italy were subjected to microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). This procedure allowed to obtain a higher yield and spilanthol content when compared with traditional hydrodistillation (0.47 v 0.22 %, and 13.31 vs 2.24 %, respectively). The EO terpene fraction was mainly represented by β-pinene (10.8 %), myrcene (12.3 %), (E)-caryophyllene (19.4 %) and α-humulene (1.1 %). The A. oleracea EO was encapsulated into a nanoemulsion (NE) containing 6 % EO using a high-energy method. The formulation physical stability was assessed by optical microscope and DLS analyses at different timepoints showing stability up to one year of storage. The A. oleracea EO and its NE, along with the isolated spilanthol, were evaluated for acute toxicity against the 3rd instar larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus, a filariasis and arbovirus vector of public health importance, achieving LC₅₀ values of 16.1, 407.5, and 3.1 μL/L, respectively. The larvicidal activity seemed to be not dependent on the interaction with the cholinergic system, as shown by the high IC₅₀ values of A. oleracea EO and spilanthol exhibited in the anti-acetylcholinesterase (AChE) assay. Testing LC₃₀ values, the A. oleracea-borne products showed a significant impact on larval development, fecundity, fertility and natality of C. quinquefasciatus. Testing LC₃₀ values, the A. oleracea EO-NE provided a higher efficacy than spilanthol, reducing the adult fertility, in terms of egg hatchability (%) and the overall abundance of F₁ larvae. These results can be considered as promising for the development of new mosquito larvicides. The safety use of A. oleracea EO, NE and spilanthol was demonstrated in assays on mammalian fibroblasts and microglia cells, showing low level of cytotoxicity coupled with protective effects against inflammation.

Acmella oleracea (L.) RK Jansen，也称为 jambù，是一种原产于巴西的食用和药用植物，但由于其在食品、化妆品、制药和害虫管理科学中的多种用途而在世界各地广泛种植。大多数应用与活性成分的存在有关，即烷基酰胺，其中千日菊素是最重要的。另一方面，由大面积种植甘蓝产生的植物生物量可能会产生精油 (EO)，可用于某些工业目的，例如作为针对媒介蚊子的杀幼虫剂。这种 EO 的主要特征是单萜和倍半萜，但也可以在混合物中检测到千日菊素。最大限度地提高A. oleracea中千日菊素的含量从意大利中部的栽培中获得的EO, A. oleracea地上部分进行了微波辅助提取 (MAE)。与传统的水蒸馏相比，该程序可以获得更高的产量和千日菊素含量（分别为 0.47 对 0.22 % 和 13.31 对 2.24 %）。EO萜烯部分主要以β-蒎烯(10.8%)、月桂烯(12.3%)、( E )-石竹烯(19.4%)和α-葎草烯(1.1%)为代表。使用高能方法将A. oleracea EO 封装到含有 6% EO 的纳米乳液 (NE) 中。配方物理稳定性通过光学显微镜和 DLS 分析在不同时间点进行评估，显示稳定性长达一年。这对 A. oleracea EO 及其 NE 以及分离的千日菊素的急性毒性进行了评估，对Culex quinquefasciatus 3 龄幼虫（一种对公共卫生具有重要意义的丝虫病和虫媒病毒载体）的急性毒性达到16.1、407.5 和 3.1 μL 的LC ₅₀值/L，分别。杀幼虫活性似乎不依赖于与胆碱能系统的相互作用，如在抗乙酰胆碱酯酶 (AChE) 测定中表现出的甘草EO 和千日菊素的高 IC ₅₀值所示。测试 LC ₃₀值，A. oleracea传播的产品显示对C. quinquefasciatus 的幼虫发育、繁殖力、生育力和出生率有显着影响。测试 LC ₃₀值，就卵孵化率 (%) 和 F ₁幼虫的总体丰度而言，A. oleracea EO-NE 提供了比千日菊素更高的功效，降低了成虫的生育能力。这些结果可以被认为有希望开发新的杀蚊剂。A. oleracea EO、NE 和千日菊素的安全使用在哺乳动物成纤维细胞和小胶质细胞的分析中得到证明，显示出低水平的细胞毒性以及对炎症的保护作用。