Therapeutic approaches for the delivery of drugs to the central nervous system are hampered by the presence of the blood–brain barrier (BBB); overcoming this barrier is the clinical goal for the treatment of neurological disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. The BBB is a cellular barrier of a highly impermeable nature that is predominantly formed by a tightly bound continuous layer of endothelial cells; it acts as a gatekeeper to restrict the free diffusion of bloodborne pathogens into the central nervous system. Targeted drug delivery systems have been explored over the past decade for crossing the BBB. Very recently, graphene nanostructures have shown great potential for crossing the BBB due to their exceptional features such as high electron mobility, ease of synthesis and functionalization, as well as control over size, shape, and the drug release profile. Graphene is evolving as a system not only to detect diseased lesions but also, in parallel, to treat neurological disorders while demonstrating minimal side effects. Given the rapid developments of innovative graphene-based delivery platforms, the present review sheds light on the status and prospects of graphene for crossing the BBB by improving, preserving, or rescuing brain energetics, with a specific focus on how graphene alters neuronal cell function.

中文翻译：

---

石墨烯纳米结构跨越血脑屏障

血脑屏障（BBB）的存在阻碍了向中枢神经系统输送药物的治疗方法；克服这一障碍是治疗神经系统疾病（包括阿尔茨海默病和帕金森病）的临床目标。 BBB 是一种高度不可渗透的细胞屏障，主要由紧密结合的连续内皮细胞层形成；它充当限制血源性病原体自由扩散到中枢神经系统的守门人。在过去的十年里，人们一直在探索靶向药物输送系统来穿越血脑屏障。最近，石墨烯纳米结构由于其卓越的特性（例如高电子迁移率、易于合成和功能化以及对尺寸、形状和药物释放曲线的控制）而显示出跨越血脑屏障的巨大潜力。石墨烯正在发展成为一种系统，不仅可以检测病变，同时还可以治疗神经系统疾病，同时显示出最小的副作用。鉴于基于石墨烯的创新递送平台的快速发展，本综述揭示了石墨烯通过改善、保留或拯救大脑能量来跨越血脑屏障的现状和前景，特别关注石墨烯如何改变神经元细胞功能。