Asthma is a respiratory allergic disease presenting a high prevalence worldwide, and it is responsible for several complications throughout life, including death. Fortunately, asthma is no longer recognized as a unique manifestation but as a very heterogenic manifestation. Its phenotypes and endotypes are known, respectively, as pathologic and molecular features that might not be directly associated with each other. The increasing number of studies covering this issue has brought significant insights and knowledge that are constantly expanding. In this review, we intended to summarize this new information obtained from clinical studies, which not only allowed for the creation of patient clusters by means of personalized medicine and a deeper molecular evaluation, but also created a connection with data obtained from experimental models, especially murine models. We gathered information regarding sensitization and trigger and emphasizing the most relevant phenotypes and endotypes, such as Th2-^high asthma and Th2-^low asthma, which included smoking and obesity-related asthma and mixed and paucigranulocytic asthma, not only in physiopathology and the clinic but also in how these phenotypes can be determined with relative similarity using murine models. We also further investigated how clinical studies have been treating patients using newly developed drugs focusing on specific biomarkers that are more relevant according to the patient’s clinical manifestation of the disease.

哮喘是一种呼吸道过敏性疾病，在全球范围内具有很高的发病率，它会导致一生中的多种并发症，包括死亡。幸运的是，哮喘不再被认为是一种独特的表现，而是一种非常异质的表现。它的表型和内型分别是已知的，作为可能不直接相互关联的病理和分子特征。越来越多的研究涉及这个问题，带来了不断扩展的重要见解和知识。在这篇综述中，我们打算总结从临床研究中获得的这些新信息，这不仅可以通过个性化医疗和更深入的分子评估来创建患者集群，而且还可以与从实验模型中获得的数据建立联系，尤其是鼠模型。我们收集了有关致敏和触发的信息，并强调了最相关的表型和内型，例如 Th2-^高哮喘和 Th2^低哮喘，包括吸烟和肥胖相关性哮喘以及混合性和少粒细胞性哮喘，不仅在生理病理学和临床上，而且在如何使用鼠模型以相对相似性确定这些表型方面。我们还进一步调查了临床研究如何使用新开发的药物治疗患者，这些药物侧重于根据患者的疾病临床表现更相关的特定生物标志物。