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Neurotransmitters and Electrophysiological Changes Might Work as Biomarkers for Diagnosing Affective Disorders
Disease Markers ( IF 3.464 ) Pub Date : 2021-09-20 , DOI: 10.1155/2021/9116502
Fei Liang 1 , Rou Feng 1 , Simeng Gu 1, 2, 3 , Shan Jiang 1 , Xia Zhang 1 , Naling Li 1 , Minghong Xu 3 , Yiyuan Tang 4 , Fushun Wang 1, 3
Affiliation  

Affective disorders are the leading causes of human disability worldwide; however, the diagnosis is still hard to define, because emotion is the least study subjects in psychology. Recent emotional studies suggest that human emotions are developed from basic emotions, which are evolved for fundamental human lives. Even though most psychologists agree upon the idea that there are some basic emotions, there is little agreement on how many emotions are basic, which emotions are basic, and why they are basic. In our previous papers, we suggested that there are three basic emotions: joy, fear, and disgust. These basic emotions depend on the peptides and monoamines: dopamine-joy (peptides-reward), norepinephrine-fear (anger), and serotonin-disgust (sadness). Further tests with event-related potentials (ERP) found that joy, fear, and disgust showed the fastest response compared with other emotions, suggesting that they are fast automatic responses, which confirmed that these three emotions are prototypical emotions. Other basic emotions, anger and sadness, are due to object induced behaviors instead of sensation of object, so they developed secondary to prototypical emotions. Thus, we concluded that only joy, fear, and disgust are prototypical emotions, which can mix into other emotions, like the primary colors. In all, the neural substrates for all emotions, including the affections, are possibly monoamine neuromodulators: joy-dopamine (peptides), fear (anger)–norepinephrine, and disgust-serotonin. We hope these basic emotional studies will offer some neural mechanisms for emotional processing and shed lights on the diagnosis of affective disorders.

中文翻译:

神经递质和电生理变化可能作为诊断情感障碍的生物标志物

情感障碍是全世界人类残疾的主要原因;然而,诊断仍然很难定义,因为情绪是心理学中研究最少的科目。最近的情感研究表明,人类情感是从基本情感发展而来的,而基本情感是为人类的基本生活而进化而来的。尽管大多数心理学家都同意存在一些基本情绪,但对于有多少种情绪是基本情绪、哪些情绪是基本情绪以及为什么它们是基本情绪,却鲜有共识。在我们之前的论文中,我们提出了三种基本情绪:快乐、恐惧和厌恶。这些基本情绪取决于肽和单胺:多巴胺-喜悦(肽-奖励)、去甲肾上腺素-恐惧(愤怒)和血清素-厌恶(悲伤)。进一步的事件相关电位(ERP)测试发现,与其他情绪相比,喜悦、恐惧和厌恶表现出最快的反应,表明它们是快速自动反应,这证实了这三种情绪是典型情绪。其他基本情绪,愤怒和悲伤,是由于物体诱发的行为而不是物体的感觉,因此它们是继原型情绪之后发展起来的。因此,我们得出的结论是,只有喜悦、恐惧和厌恶是典型的情绪,它们可以混合到其他情绪中,比如原色。总而言之,所有情绪(包括情感)的神经基质可能是单胺神经调节剂:快乐-多巴胺(肽)、恐惧(愤怒)-去甲肾上腺素和厌恶-血清素。我们希望这些基本的情绪研究能够提供一些情绪处理的神经机制,并为情感障碍的诊断提供线索。
更新日期:2021-09-20
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