Collecting significant and measurable signals from the typically omnidirectional emission of nanoscale emitters is challenging. To improve the collection efficiency, it is essential to deterministically place the emitters in desired locations and design mode converters to match the modes of emission to those of the collection system. In this Letter, we propose the deterministic placement of nanoscale emitters using a pick-and-place technique called polymer-pen lithography. We demonstrate the concept with upconversion nanoparticles placed deterministically at the focus of three-dimensional-printed ellipsoidal micro-lenses. A significant part of the forward-going emission is collimated leading to increased collection efficiency, even at low numerical apertures of the collecting optics. The proposed approach lends itself to hybrid integration for fiber-to-chip and on-chip applications.

中文翻译：

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有效利用来自纳米级发射器的光，通过聚合物笔光刻确定性地放置在 3D 打印椭球微透镜的焦点处

从纳米级发射器的典型全向发射中收集重要且可测量的信号具有挑战性。为了提高收集效率，必须确定性地将发射器放置在所需的位置并设计模式转换器以将发射模式与收集系统的模式相匹配。在这封信中，我们建议使用称为聚合物笔光刻的拾放技术确定性地放置纳米级发射器。我们通过将上转换纳米粒子确定性地放置在 3D 打印椭球微透镜的焦点上来证明这一概念。即使在收集光学器件的低数值孔径下，前向发射的很大一部分被准直，从而提高了收集效率。