Genome stability is a crucial feature of eukaryotic organisms because its alteration drastically affects the normal development and survival of cells and the organism as a whole. Nevertheless, some organisms can selectively eliminate part of their genomes from certain cell types during specific stages of ontogenesis. This review aims to describe the phenomenon of programmed DNA elimination, which includes chromatin diminution (together with programmed genome rearrangement or DNA rearrangements), B and sex chromosome elimination, paternal genome elimination, parasitically induced genome elimination, and genome elimination in animal and plant hybrids. During programmed DNA elimination, individual chromosomal fragments, whole chromosomes, and even entire parental genomes can be selectively removed. Programmed DNA elimination occurs independently in different organisms, ranging from ciliate protozoa to mammals. Depending on the sequences destined for exclusion, programmed DNA elimination may serve as a radical mechanism of dosage compensation and inactivation of unnecessary or dangerous genetic entities. In hybrids, genome elimination results from competition between parental genomes. Despite the different consequences of DNA elimination, all genetic material destined for elimination must be first recognised, epigenetically marked, separated, and then removed and degraded.

中文翻译：

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删除和生存：真核生物中程序性遗传物质消除的策略

基因组稳定性是真核生物的一个重要特征，因为它的改变会极大地影响细胞和整个生物体的正常发育和生存。然而，一些生物体可以在个体发生的特定阶段选择性地从某些细胞类型中消除其部分基因组。本综述旨在描述程序性 DNA 消除现象，包括染色质减少（连同程序性基因组重排或 DNA 重排）、B 和性染色体消除、父系基因组消除、寄生虫诱导的基因组消除以及动植物杂交体中的基因组消除. 在程序化 DNA 消除过程中，可以选择性地去除单个染色体片段、整个染色体，甚至整个亲本基因组。从纤毛虫原生动物到哺乳动物，程序性 DNA 消除独立发生在不同的生物体中。根据注定要排除的序列，程序性 DNA 消除可以作为剂量补偿和灭活不必要或危险遗传实体的根本机制。在杂种中，基因组消除是亲本基因组之间竞争的结果。尽管 DNA 消除的后果不同，但必须首先识别、表观遗传标记、分离、然后去除和降解所有注定要消除的遗传物质。基因组消除是亲本基因组之间竞争的结果。尽管 DNA 消除的后果不同，但必须首先识别、表观遗传标记、分离、然后去除和降解所有注定要消除的遗传物质。基因组消除是亲本基因组之间竞争的结果。尽管 DNA 消除的后果不同，但必须首先识别、表观遗传标记、分离、然后去除和降解所有注定要消除的遗传物质。