Sample preparation is an essential step for nearly every type of biochemical analysis in use today. Among the most important of these analyses is the diagnosis of diseases, since their treatment may rely greatly on time and, in the case of infectious diseases, containing their spread within a population to prevent outbreaks. To address this, many different methods have been developed for use in the wide variety of settings for which they are needed. In this work, we have reviewed the literature and report on a broad range of methods that have been developed in recent years and their applications to point-of-care (POC), high-throughput screening, and low-resource and traditional clinical settings for diagnosis, including some of those that were developed in response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. In addition to covering alternative approaches and improvements to traditional sample preparation techniques such as extractions and separations, techniques that have been developed with focuses on integration with smart devices, laboratory automation, and biosensors are also discussed.

中文翻译：

---

适用于各种环境的样品制备和诊断方法：全面审查

对于当今使用的几乎所有类型的生化分析，样品制备都是必不可少的步骤。其中最重要的分析是疾病的诊断，因为它们的治疗可能在很大程度上依赖于时间，并且在传染病的情况下，控制它们在人群中的传播以防止爆发。为了解决这个问题，已经开发了许多不同的方法，用于需要它们的各种设置。在这项工作中，我们回顾了文献并报告了近年来开发的广泛方法及其在即时 (POC)、高通量筛查以及资源匮乏和传统临床环境中的应用用于诊断，包括一些为应对 2019 年冠状病毒病 (COVID-19) 大流行而开发的。