This paper examines the impact of retirement on people’s subjective quality of life, as expressed by their levels of happiness and loneliness, in Poland. We analysed five waves of the Social Diagnosis panel survey conducted between 2007 and 2015. To account for unobserved individual heterogeneity, we employed fixed effects ordered logit models and fixed effect logistic models for the panel data. We found that the respondents’ happiness levels did not change after they retired, and that the introduction of interactions between retirement and employment did not alter these findings. However, the results of the loneliness model showed that the probability of being lonely increased among males after retirement. Second, the outcomes of interactions between retirement and employment suggested that not working after retirement increased the likelihood of being lonely among men, whereas engaging in bridge employment decreased the chances of being lonely among men. These findings may indicate that combining retirement with employment may be a source of social interaction, which can provide protection against loneliness, and which may, in turn, be positively related to other factors (i.e., subjective quality of life, health status, and mortality).

中文翻译：

---

波兰退休对幸福和孤独的影响——来自面板数据的证据

本文研究了退休对波兰人的主观生活质量的影响，体现在他们的幸福和孤独水平上。我们分析了 2007 年至 2015 年间进行的五波社会诊断面板调查。为了说明未观察到的个体异质性，我们对面板数据采用了固定效应有序对数模型和固定效应逻辑模型。我们发现，受访者退休后的幸福水平没有变化，退休与就业之间的互动并没有改变这些调查结果。然而，孤独模型的结果表明，男性退休后孤独的概率增加。第二，退休与就业相互作用的结果表明，退休后不工作会增加男性感到孤独的可能性，而从事过渡性工作则减少了男性感到孤独的机会。这些发现可能表明，将退休与就业相结合可能是一种社会互动的来源，可以提供对抗孤独的保护，并且反过来可能与其他因素（即主观生活质量、健康状况和死亡率）呈正相关。 ）。