The shift to a sustainable energy future is becoming more reliant on large-scale deployment of renewable and distributed energy resources raising concerns about frequency stability. Rate of Change of Frequency (RoCoF) is necessary as a system inertia metric in order for network operators to perform control steps to preserve system operation. This paper presents in a straightforward and illustrative way several relevant aspects of the inertia response and RoCoF calculation that could help to understand and explain the implementation and results of inertial response controllers on power converter-based technologies. Qualitative explanations based on illustrative numerical experiments are used to cover the effects on the system frequency response of reduced rotational inertia in synchronous dominated power systems. One main contribution of this paper is making evident the importance of the governor action to avoid the synchronous machine taking active power from the system during the recovering period of kinetic energy in an under frequency event.

中文翻译：

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同步主导系统低转动惯量情况下的惯量响应和频率变化率研究

向可持续能源未来的转变越来越依赖可再生能源和分布式能源的大规模部署，这引发了人们对频率稳定性的担忧。频率变化率 ( RoCoF ) 作为系统惯性指标是必要的，以便网络运营商执行控制步骤以保持系统运行。本文以直接和说明性的方式介绍了惯性响应和RoCoF 的几个相关方面有助于理解和解释基于功率转换器技术的惯性响应控制器的实现和结果的计算。基于说明性数值实验的定性解释用于涵盖同步主导电力系统中降低转动惯量对系统频率响应的影响。本文的一个主要贡献是表明调速器动作的重要性，以避免在低频事件中的动能恢复期间同步电机从系统中获取有功功率。