Interpreting the similarities and dissimilarities in spatiotemporal variations and various controls between surface and canopy urban heat islands (UHIs) is critical for a better understanding of their vertical structure. Preceding comparisons of the surface UHI (SUHI) and canopy UHI (CUHI), however, remain mostly restricted either in a single city or over a few cities within limited background climates; therefore, the associated similarities and dissimilarities between the SUHI and CUHI under different climates, especially at a global scale, remain largely unknown. Based on both satellite and in situ data, we simultaneously investigated the spatiotemporal patterns of the SUHI intensity (SUHII) and CUHI intensity (SUHII) of 366 global cities within various background climates. We further investigated the different impacts of several controls (e.g., vegetation coverage, population size, precipitation) on SUHII and CUHII. Our results indicate the following: (1) For the selected 366 cities, the annual mean SUHII is higher than CUHII by 1.1 ± 1.9 °C (mean ± Std) during the day and 0.3 ± 1.5 °C (mean ± Std) at night. The SUHII and CUHII in the equatorial, warm temperate, and snow climates are generally consistent with the above characteristics (i.e., SUHII > CUHII), however, in arid regions SUHII is lower than CUHII by 0.8 °C during the day. (2) The annual mean day–night difference in SUHII is positive (i.e., 0.6 ± 1.8 °C (mean ± Std)), while the difference in CUHII becomes negative (i.e., −0.2 ± 1.6 °C (mean ± Std)), indicating that urbanization increases the diurnal temperature range (DTR) based on land surface temperature, but it decreases the DTR based on surface air temperature. (3) Despite the high correlation between vegetation coverage and impervious surface percentage (ISP), their impacts on SUHII and CUHII were not consistent. The urban–rural difference in ISP exerts an insignificant impact on both SUHII and CUHII during the day and a greater impact on CUHII than on SUHII at night, whereas the urban–rural difference in vegetation coverage has a greater impact on SUHII than on CUHII during the day, while the opposite occurs at night. The impacts of population size on SUHII and CUHII are much greater during the night than on the day in which their impacts can be minimal. The relationship between annual mean precipitation and SUHII is positive during the day but negative at night, while for CUHII, their relationship is insignificantly negative both during the day and at night. These results can improve our understanding of the spatiotemporal patterns and controls of these two types of UHIs under various climates.

解释地表和冠层城市热岛 (UHI) 之间时空变化和各种控制的异同点对于更好地了解其垂直结构至关重要。然而，先前对地表 UHI (SUHI) 和冠层 UHI (CUHI) 的比较仍然主要限制在单个城市或背景气候有限的几个城市中；因此，在不同气候下，尤其是在全球范围内，SUHI 和 CUHI 之间的相关相似性和不同性在很大程度上仍然未知。基于卫星和原位根据数据，我们同时调查了 366 个全球城市在各种背景气候下的 SUHI 强度（SUHII）和 CUHI 强度（SUHII）的时空模式。我们进一步研究了几种控制措施（例如，植被覆盖度、种群规模、降水量）对 SUHII 和 CUHII 的不同影响。我们的结果表明：（1）对于所选的 366 个城市，年平均 SUHII 比 CUHII 高 1.1 ± 1.9 °C (mean ± Std)，夜间高 0.3 ± 1.5 °C (mean ± Std) . 赤道、暖温带和雪地气候的SUHII和CUHII大体符合上述特征（即SUHII > CUHII），而在干旱地区，白天SUHII比CUHII低0.8°C。(2) SUHII 的年平均昼夜差为正值（即 0.6 ± 1.8 °C (mean ± Std)），而CUHII的差异变为负值（即-0.2±1.6°C（平均值±Std）），表明城市化增加了基于地表温度的昼夜温差（DTR），但它降低了基于地表气温的DTR . (3) 尽管植被覆盖度与不透水表面百分比（ISP）之间存在高度相关性，但它们对 SUHII 和 CUHII 的影响并不一致。ISP的城乡差异在白天对SUHII和CUHII的影响不显着，而在夜间对CUHII的影响大于对SUHII的影响，而植被覆盖的城乡差异对SUHII的影响大于对CUHII的影响。白天，而晚上则相反。人口规模对 SUHII 和 CUHII 的影响在夜间比在白天影响最小的影响要大得多。年平均降水量与SUHII之间的关系在白天是正的，而在夜间是负的，而对于CUHII，无论是白天还是晚上，它们的关系都是不显着的。这些结果可以提高我们对这两种 UHI 在不同气候下的时空模式和控制的理解。