ABSTRACT

The military terrain analysis system KOCOA (Key Terrain, Observation, Cover/concealment, Obstacles, and Avenues of approach; also OAKOC or OCOKA) was developed as part of the burgeoning discipline of military science around the start of the American Civil War. It is now part of the National Park Service American Battlefield Protection Program’s survey methodology, was introduced to conflict archaeology by Scott and McFeaters and Scott and Bleed and has been used as a tool for predicting battlefield locations. However, it has potential applications beyond battlefields. This paper explores how applying KOCOA elucidates conflict landscapes of power, dominance, and control. An analysis of the internment landscape of Camp Lawton, an 1864 Confederate POW camp, with KOCOA, will highlight how principles of dominance were applied, and how concealment and obstacles actively disrupted the ‘unequal gaze’ of Foucault. But also how KOCOA functions in determining the grammar of space for elements of the constructed environment of a military complex; with aspects like defence and observation of equal weight with domination and control. KOCOA delivers the visualization of these abstracts within a GIS environment, and thus guides excavation and interpretation.

摘要

军事地形分析系统 KOCOA（关键地形、观察、掩体/隐蔽、障碍物和进近途径；也称为 OAKOC 或 OCOKA）是美国内战开始时作为新兴军事科学学科的一部分而开发的。它现在是国家公园管理局美国战场保护计划调查方法的一部分，由 Scott 和 McFeaters 以及 Scott 和 Bleed 引入冲突考古学，并被用作预测战场位置的工具。然而，它在战场之外还有潜在的应用。本文探讨了如何应用 KOCOA 来阐明权力、支配地位和控制的冲突格局。对 1864 年同盟战俘营劳顿营的拘禁景观与 KOCOA 的分析将突出统治原则是如何应用的，以及隐藏和障碍如何积极地扰乱了福柯的“不平等凝视”。还有KOCOA在确定军事综合体建筑环境元素的空间语法方面的作用；具有与控制和控制同等重要的防御和观察等方面。KOCOA 在 GIS 环境中提供这些摘要的可视化，从而指导挖掘和解释。