Rare earth-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) have the advantages of a narrow emission peak, large anti-Stokes displacement, negligible autofluorescence and photobleaching, which make them popular in biomedical fields. With the development of biological technology and nanotechnology, great progress has been achieved in application of rare earth-doped UCNPsfor disease diagnosis and treatment. To date, based on the light conversion characteristics of upconverted rare earth nanocrystals, their medical applications are mainly focused on tumor detection and treatment. In view of the above situation, this paper focuses on reviewing UCNPs applications for the treatment and detection of various diseases, including atherosclerosis, inflammation, bacterial infections, viruses, and tumors. Finally, challenges and opportunities of UCNPs applicaiton in disease treatment and detection are discussed. Overall, our goal is to provide readers with a fresh perspective on developments in the treatment and detection of various diseases with rare earth-doped upconversion materials.

稀土掺杂的上转换纳米粒子（UCNPs）具有发射峰窄、反斯托克斯位移大、自发荧光和光漂白可忽略不计等优点，使其在生物医学领域广受欢迎。随着生物技术和纳米技术的发展，稀土掺杂的UCNPs在疾病诊断和治疗中的应用取得了长足的进步。迄今为止，基于上转换稀土纳米晶的光转换特性，其医学应用主要集中在肿瘤检测和治疗上。鉴于上述情况，本文重点综述了UCNPs在治疗和检测各种疾病方面的应用，包括动脉粥样硬化、炎症、细菌感染、病毒和肿瘤。最后，讨论了UCNPs在疾病治疗和检测中应用的挑战和机遇。总体而言，我们的目标是为读者提供有关稀土掺杂上转换材料治疗和检测各种疾病的发展的全新视角。