Entering the knowledge society and mobilizing science and technology are critical for emerging countries (ECs) to address important challenges of society and promote long-term economic growth. Natural laboratories (NLs) are geographical or geophysical singularities that provide comparative advantages and leverage to ECs for scientific research and international collaboration. Based on empirical evidence and learning experiences from five NLs in Chile, we propose the foundations of a conceptual framework for public scientific policies based on NLs and their possible implementation in ECs. Scientific research in NLs may address local, national, and global societal challenges while decentralizing scientific activities, encouraging transdisciplinary research in territories, anticipating the effects of climate change, and protecting biodiversity while promoting international partnerships and alignment with 2030 Sustainable Development Goals.

中文翻译：

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新兴国家的自然实验室和科学的比较优势：来自智利的证据

进入知识社会并动员科学技术对于新兴国家（EC）应对社会的重要挑战和促进长期经济增长至关重要。自然实验室 (NL) 是地理或地球物理奇点，可为 EC 在科学研究和国际合作方面提供比较优势和影响力。根据智利五个 NL 的经验证据和学习经验，我们提出了基于 NL 的公共科学政策概念框架的基础及其在 EC 中的可能实施。NLs 的科学研究可以解决地方、国家和全球社会挑战，同时分散科学活动，鼓励领土内的跨学科研究，预测气候变化的影响，