The endothelium acts as the barrier that prevents circulating lipids such as lipoproteins and fatty acids into the arterial wall; it also regulates normal functioning in the circulatory system by balancing vasodilation and vasoconstriction, modulating the several responses and signals. Plasma lipids can interact with endothelium via different mechanisms and produce different phenotypes. Increased plasma-free fatty acids (FFAs) levels are associated with the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Because of the multi-dimensional roles of plasma FFAs in mediating endothelial dysfunction, increased FFA level is now considered an essential link in the onset of endothelial dysfunction in CVD. FFA-mediated endothelial dysfunction involves several mechanisms, including dysregulated production of nitric oxide and cytokines, metaflammation, oxidative stress, inflammation, activation of the renin-angiotensin system, and apoptosis. Therefore, modulation of FFA-mediated pathways involved in endothelial dysfunction may prevent the complications associated with CVD risk. This review presents details as to how endothelium is affected by FFAs involving several metabolic pathways.

中文翻译：

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脂肪酸调节内皮功能。

内皮充当阻止循环脂质（如脂蛋白和脂肪酸）进入动脉壁的屏障；它还通过平衡血管舒张和血管收缩、调节多种反应和信号来调节循环系统的正常功能。血浆脂质可以通过不同的机制与内皮相互作用并产生不同的表型。血浆游离脂肪酸 (FFA) 水平升高与动脉粥样硬化和心血管疾病 (CVD) 的发病机制有关。由于血浆 FFA 在介导内皮功能障碍中的多维作用，现在认为 FFA 水平升高是 CVD 内皮功能障碍发生的重要环节。FFA 介导的内皮功能障碍涉及多种机制，包括一氧化氮和细胞因子的失调产生，炎症、氧化应激、炎症、肾素-血管紧张素系统的激活和细胞凋亡。因此，调节与内皮功能障碍有关的 FFA 介导的通路可以预防与 CVD 风险相关的并发症。本综述详细介绍了内皮细胞如何受到涉及多种代谢途径的 FFA 的影响。