Mosquitoes not only transmit human and veterinary pathogens called arboviruses (arthropod-borne viruses) but also harbor mosquito-associated insect-specific viruses (mosquito viruses) that cannot infect vertebrates. In the past, studies investigating mosquito viruses mainly focused on highly pathogenic interactions that were easier to detect than those without visible symptoms. However, the recent advances in viral metagenomics have highlighted the abundance and diversity of viruses which do not generate mass mortality in host populations. Over the last decade, this has facilitated the rapid growth of virus discovery in mosquitoes. The circumstances around the discovery of mosquito viruses greatly affected how they have been studied so far. While earlier research mainly focused on the pathogenesis caused by DNA and some double-stranded RNA viruses during larval stages, more recently discovered single-stranded RNA mosquito viruses were heavily studied for their putative interference with arboviruses in female adults. Thus, many aspects of mosquito virus interactions with their hosts and host-microbiota are still unknown. In this context, considering mosquito viruses as endosymbionts can help to identify novel research areas, in particular in relation to their long-term interactions with their hosts (e.g. relationships during all life stages, the stability of the associations at evolutionary scales, transmission routes and virulence evolution) and the possible context-dependent range of interactions (i.e. beneficial to antagonistic). Here, we review the symbiotic interactions of mosquito viruses considering different aspects of their ecology, such as transmission, host specificity, host immune system and interactions with other symbionts within the host cellular arena. Finally, we highlight related research gaps in mosquito virus research.

中文翻译：

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蚊子和蚊子病毒之间的共生相互作用。

蚊子不仅传播人类和兽医病原体，称为虫媒病毒（节肢动物传播的病毒），而且还携带不能感染脊椎动物的与蚊子相关的昆虫特异性病毒（蚊子病毒）。过去，调查蚊子病毒的研究主要集中在高致病性相互作用上，这些相互作用比那些没有明显症状的相互作用更容易检测到。然而，病毒宏基因组学的最新进展凸显了病毒的丰富性和多样性，这些病毒不会在宿主群体中造成大规模死亡。在过去的十年中，这促进了蚊子中病毒发现的快速增长。蚊子病毒发现的环境极大地影响了迄今为止对它们的研究方式。虽然早期的研究主要集中在幼虫阶段由 DNA 和一些双链 RNA 病毒引起的发病机制，但最近发现的单链 RNA 蚊子病毒因其对雌性成虫中虫媒病毒的假定干扰而受到广泛研究。因此，蚊子病毒与其宿主和宿主微生物群相互作用的许多方面仍然未知。在这种情况下，将蚊子病毒视为内共生体有助于确定新的研究领域，特别是与它们与宿主的长期相互作用有关（例如，所有生命阶段的关系、进化尺度上关联的稳定性、传播途径和毒力进化）和可能的依赖于环境的相互作用范围（即有益于拮抗）。在这里，我们回顾了蚊子病毒的共生相互作用，考虑了其生态学的不同方面，例如传播、宿主特异性、宿主免疫系统以及与宿主细胞领域内其他共生体的相互作用。最后，我们强调了蚊子病毒研究的相关研究空白。