Our previous study has shown that nitrogen plays an important role in dealing with significantly increased chalkiness caused by elevated temperature. However, the role of nitrogen metabolites has not been given sufficient attention, and its regulatory mechanism is not clear. This study investigated the effects of high temperature and nitrogen fertilizer on the synthesis of grain storage protein and further explored the quality mechanism under the actual scenario of field warming. Results showed that increased temperature and nitrogen fertilizer could affect the activities of nitrogen metabolism enzymes, namely, glutamate synthetase, glutamine synthetase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, and the expressions of storage protein synthesis factor genes, namely, GluA and GluB, and subfamily genes, namely, pro14, BiP1, and PDIL1, which co-induced the changes of storage protein synthesis in rice grains. Furthermore, the increased temperature changed the balance of grain storage substances which may lead to the significantly increased chalky rate (197.67%) and chalkiness (532.92%). Moreover, there was a significant negative correlation between prolamin content and chalkiness, indicating that nitrogen fertilizer might regulate the formation of chalkiness by affecting the synthesis of prolamin. Results suggested that nitrogen application could regulate the related core factors involved in nitrogen metabolism pathways, which, in turn, affects the changes in the storage protein components in the grain and further affects quality. Therefore, as a conventional cultivation measure, nitrogen application would have a certain value in future rice production in response to climate warming.

中文翻译：

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实际田间增温条件下，氮肥调控储粮蛋白合成并降低水稻的垩白。

我们之前的研究表明，氮在处理因温度升高而显着增加的垩白方面发挥着重要作用。然而，氮代谢物的作用尚未得到足够的重视，其调控机制尚不明确。本研究考察了高温和氮肥对粮食贮藏蛋白合成的影响，进一步探讨了田间增温实际情景下的品质机制。结果表明，升高温度和施氮肥会影响氮代谢酶谷氨酸合成酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶、谷氨酸丙酮酸转氨酶和谷氨酸草酰转氨酶的活性，以及​​贮藏蛋白合成因子基因GluA和GluB的表达。和亚家族基因，即 pro14、BiP1、PDIL1 共同诱导水稻籽粒贮藏蛋白合成的变化。此外，温度升高改变了储粮物质的平衡，可能导致粉化率（197.67%）和粉化率（532.92%）显着增加。此外，醇溶谷蛋白含量与垩白度呈显着负相关，表明氮肥可能通过影响醇溶蛋白的合成来调节垩白度的形成。结果表明，施氮可以调节参与氮代谢途径的相关核心因子，进而影响籽粒中贮藏蛋白成分的变化，进而影响品质。因此，作为传统的栽培措施，