Air pollution exposure, especially particulate matter ≤2.5 μm in diameter (PM_2.5), is associated with poorer kidney function in adults and children. Perinatal exposure may occur during susceptible periods of nephron development. We used distributed lag nonlinear models (DLNMs) to examine time-varying associations between early life daily PM_2.5 exposure (periconceptional through age 8 years) and kidney parameters in preadolescent children aged 8–10 years. Participants included 427 mother-child dyads enrolled in the PROGRESS birth cohort study based in Mexico City. Daily PM_2.5 exposure was estimated at each participant's residence using a validated satellite-based spatio-temporal model. Kidney function parameters included estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), serum cystatin C, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). Models were adjusted for child's age, sex and body mass index (BMI) z-score, as well as maternal education, indoor smoking report and seasonality (prenatal models were additionally adjusted for average first year of life PM_2.5 exposure). We also tested for sex-specific effects. Average perinatal PM_2.5 was 22.7 μg/m³ and ranged 16.4–29.3 μg/m³. Early pregnancy PM_2.5 exposures were associated with higher eGFR in preadolescence. Specifically, we found that PM_2.5 exposure between weeks 1–18 of gestation was associated with increased preadolescent eGFR, whereas exposure in the first 14 months of life after birth were associated with decreased eGFR. Specifically, a 5 μg/m³ increase in PM_2.5 during the detected prenatal window was associated with a cumulative increase in eGFR of 4.44 mL/min/1.73² (95%CI: 1.37, 7.52), and during the postnatal window we report a cumulative eGFR decrease of −10.36 mL/min/1.73² (95%CI: −17.68, −3.04). We identified perinatal windows of susceptibility to PM_2.5 exposure with preadolescent kidney function parameters. Follow-up investigating PM_2.5 exposure with peripubertal kidney function trajectories and risk of kidney disease in adulthood will be critical.

空气污染暴露，尤其是直径≤2.5 μm 的颗粒物 (PM _2.5 )，与成人和儿童的肾功能较差有关。围产期暴露可能发生在肾单位发育的易感时期。我们使用分布式滞后非线性模型 (DLNM) 来检查8-10 岁青春期前儿童早年每日 PM _2.5暴露（围孕期至 8 岁）与肾脏参数之间的时变关联。参与者包括参加墨西哥城 PROGRESS 出生队列研究的 427 名母子二人组。每日 PM _2.5使用经过验证的基于卫星的时空模型估计每个参与者住所的暴露情况。肾功能参数包括估计肾小球滤过率 (eGFR)、血清胱抑素 C 和血尿素氮 (BUN)。模型根据儿童的年龄、性别和身体质量指数 (BMI) z 分数以及产妇教育、室内吸烟报告和季节性进行了调整（产前模型还针对出生后第一年的平均 PM 2.5 暴露进行了调整_）。我们还测试了特定性别的影响。平均围产期 PM _2.5为 22.7 μg/m ³，范围为 16.4–29.3 μg/m ³。早孕 PM _2.5暴露与青春期前较高的 eGFR 相关。具体来说，我们发现 PM_2.5妊娠 1-18 周之间的暴露与青春期前 eGFR 增加相关，而出生后头 14 个月内的暴露与 eGFR 降低相关。_{具体而言，在检测到的产前窗口期间 PM 2.5}增加5 μg/m ^{3与 eGFR 累积增加 4.44 mL/min/1.73 2} (95%CI: 1.37, 7.52)相关，我们报告在产后窗口期间累积 eGFR 下降 −10.36 mL/min/1.73 ² (95%CI: −17.68, −3.04)。_{我们通过青春期前肾功能参数确定了围产期对 PM 2.5}暴露的易感性窗口。后续调查PM _2.5暴露于青春期前后的肾功能轨迹和成年后患肾病的风险将是至关重要的。