Passive sampling approaches to monitor licit and illicit drugs of concern in wastewater shows promise as a supplementary sampling technique to grab sampling when conventional composite autosampling may not be possible. Recent studies have assessed the applicability of passive sampling at a single wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). However, it remains unknown whether a single-site calibration can be applied to other WWTPs. This study evaluated the in situ calibration of microporous polyethylene tube passive samplers (MPTs) against simultaneously collected composite samples for 22 different WWTPs. Samples were analyzed for methylamphetamine, amphetamine, hydroxycotinine, cotinine, benzoylecgonine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, and noroxycodone. Estimated rates of chemical uptake (sampling rates) were calculated using the mass accumulated in the samplers, the concentration measured in composite samples, and the duration of deployment. The estimated sampling rates were consistent between WWTPs (>90% within a factor of two) and ranged from 5 mL day^–1 (amphetamine) to 9 mL day^–1 (noroxycodone). The samplers were effective at estimating analyte concentrations, with 77% of results having a normalized difference to 24 h composite samples of below 30%. Our study suggests that MPT passive samplers provide a tool for the spatiotemporal monitoring of drug use where automated integrative sampling techniques may not be feasible.

中文翻译：

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用于定量废水中药物的微孔聚乙烯管被动采样器的多点校准

用于监测废水中合法和非法药物的被动采样方法显示出作为补充采样技术的前景，当常规复合自动采样可能无法实现时，可以进行抓取采样。最近的研究评估了被动采样在单个废水处理厂 (WWTP) 中的适用性。然而，单点校准是否可以应用于其他污水处理厂仍然未知。本研究针对同时收集的 22 个不同污水处理厂的复合样品评估了微孔聚乙烯管被动采样器 (MPT) 的原位校准。分析样品中的甲基苯丙胺、苯丙胺、羟基可替宁、可替宁、苯甲酰爱康宁、3,4-亚甲基二氧基甲基苯丙胺和去甲羟考酮。使用采样器中累积的质量、复合样品中测得的浓度和部署持续时间计算估计的化学品吸收率（采样率）。估计的采样率在 WWTP 之间是一致的（>90% 的两倍），范围从 5 mL 天^–1（苯丙胺）至 9 mL 第^–1天（去甲羟考酮）。采样器可有效估计分析物浓度，77% 的结果与 24 小时复合样品的归一化差异低于 30%。我们的研究表明，在自动综合采样技术可能不可行的情况下，MPT 被动采样器为药物使用的时空监测提供了一种工具。