The purpose was to investigate the surface characteristics of various resin-based materials by immersing in probiotic beverages. A total of 420 disc-shaped samples (5 mm × 2 mm) were prepared from resin-based composites. Samples were divided into four groups and immersed for 10 min/day for 1 month in either a probiotic sachet, kefir, kombucha, or artificial saliva (control). Surface roughness was measured at baseline and 1 month. One sample of each of the tested materials was examined under nanoindentation to evaluate the reduced elasticity modulus and nanohardness scores. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to compare surface differences. Data were analyzed statistically using one-way ANOVA test and the significance was set at p < .05. The lowest roughness scores were observed in Z250, Estelite Bulk Fill, and HRi ENA in most of the test groups. Among conventional composites, Z250 group had the highest nanohardness and elasticity modulus scores. Among bulk-fill composites, Estelite Bulk Fill Flow had the lowest surface roughness after immersion in probiotic beverages and the highest nanohardness values. Reveal HD, as a bulk-fill group showed higher surface roughness and considerably lower nanohardness and elasticity modulus scores. Maximum height levels of samples were recorded. SEM images revealed voids and microcracks on the surfaces of test materials. Dentists may prefer Z250 as microhybrid and Estelite Bulk Fill Flow as bulk-fill composites for the restorations of patients who consume gut-friendly drinks regularly. When there are various types of materials, nanoindentation is a useful method for evaluating surface alterations and sensible comparisons.

中文翻译：

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益生元和益生菌饮料后修复材料和表面变化的比较：纳米压痕和 SEM 研究

目的是通过浸入益生菌饮料中研究各种树脂基材料的表面特性。由树脂基复合材料制备了总共 420 个圆盘形样品（5 mm × 2 mm）。样品被分成四组，在益生菌袋、开菲尔、康普茶或人工唾液（对照）中浸泡 10 分钟/天，持续 1 个月。在基线和 1 个月时测量表面粗糙度。在纳米压痕下检查每种测试材料的一个样品以评估降低的弹性模量和纳米硬度分数。扫描电子显微镜 (SEM) 用于比较表面差异。使用单因素方差分析检验对数据进行统计分析，显着性设定为p < .05。在大多数测试组中，Z250、Estelite Bulk Fill 和 HRi ENA 的粗糙度得分最低。在常规复合材料中，Z250 组的纳米硬度和弹性模量得分最高。在散装填充复合材料中，Estelite Bulk Fill Flow 在浸入益生菌饮料后具有最低的表面粗糙度和最高的纳米硬度值。Reveal HD 作为散装填充组显示出更高的表面粗糙度和相当低的纳米硬度和弹性模量分数。记录样品的最大高度水平。SEM 图像显示测试材料表面上的空隙和微裂纹。牙医可能更喜欢 Z250 作为 microhybrid，而 Estelite Bulk Fill Flow 作为散装填充复合材料，用于定期饮用有益肠道饮料的患者的修复体。当有各种类型的材料时，