Bacteria can enhance their survival by attaching to inanimate surfaces or tissues, and presenting as multicellular communities encased in a protective extracellular matrix called biofilm. There has been pronounced interest in assessing the relationship between the antibiotic resistant phenotype and biofilm-production in clinically-relevant pathogens. The aim of the present paper was to provide additional experimental results on the topic, testing the biofilm-forming capacity of Escherichia coli isolates using in vitro methods in the context of their antibiotic resistance in the form of a laboratory case study, in addition to provide a comprehensive review of the subject. In our case study, a total of two hundred and fifty (n = 250) E. coli isolates, originating from either clean-catch urine samples (n = 125) or invasive samples (n = 125) were included. The colony morphology of isolates were recorded after 24h, while antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Biofilm-formation of the isolates was assessed with the crystal violet tube-adherence method. Altogether 57 isolates (22.8%) isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR), 89 isolates (35.6%) produced large colonies (>3 mm), mucoid variant colonies were produced in 131 cases (52.4%), and 108 (43.2%) were positive for biofilm formation. Biofilm-producers were less common among isolates resistant to third-generation cephalosporins and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (P = 0.043 and P = 0.023, respectively). Biofilms facilitate a protective growth strategy in bacteria, ensuring safety against environmental stressors, components of the immune system and noxious chemical agents. Being an integral part of bacterial physiology, biofilm-formation is interdependent with the expression of other virulence factors (especially adhesins) and quorum sensing signal molecules. More research is required to allow for the full understanding of the interplay between the MDR phenotype and biofilm-production, which will facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies.

中文翻译：

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大肠杆菌分离物中生物膜产生与抗生素耐药性之间的关联：基于实验室的案例研究和文献综述。

细菌可以通过附着在无生命的表面或组织上来提高它们的存活率，并表现为包裹在称为生物膜的保护性细胞外基质中的多细胞群落。人们对评估临床相关病原体中抗生素抗性表型与生物膜产生之间的关系产生了浓厚的兴趣。本论文的目的是提供关于该主题的其他实验结果，在实验室案例研究的形式下，在抗生素耐药性的背景下，使用体外方法测试大肠杆菌分离物的生物膜形成能力，此外还提供对该主题的全面审查。在我们的案例研究中，总共有 250 (n = 250) 株大肠杆菌分离株，包括来自干净捕获的尿液样本 (n = 125) 或侵入性样本 (n = 125)。24 小时后记录分离株的菌落形态，同时使用柯比-鲍尔圆盘扩散法进行抗菌药敏试验。用结晶紫管粘附法评估分离物的生物膜形成。共有 57 株 (22.8%) 分离株具有多重耐药性 (MDR)，89 株 (35.6%) 产生大菌落 (>3 mm)，131 例 (52.4%) 产生粘液变异菌落，108 株 (43.2%) 产生大菌落生物膜形成阳性。在对第三代头孢菌素和甲氧苄氨嘧啶-磺胺甲恶唑耐药的分离株中，生物膜产生者较少见（分别为 P = 0.043 和 P = 0.023）。生物膜促进细菌的保护性生长策略，确保针对环境压力源、免疫系统的组成部分和有毒化学制剂的安全性。作为细菌生理学的一个组成部分，生物膜的形成与其他毒力因子（尤其是粘附素）和群体感应信号分子的表达相互依赖。需要更多的研究来充分了解 MDR 表型和生物膜产生之间的相互作用，这将有助于开发新的治疗策略。