Single-cell analysis is a powerful technology that has found widespread use in recent years. For diseases with involvement of adaptive immunity, single-cell analysis of antigen-specific T cells and B cells is particularly informative. In autoimmune diseases, the adaptive immune system is obviously at play, yet the ability to identify the culprit T and B cells recognizing disease-relevant antigen can be difficult. Celiac disease, a widespread disorder with autoimmune components, is unique in that disease-relevant antigens for both T cells and B cells are well defined. Furthermore, the celiac disease gut lesion is readily accessible allowing for sampling of tissue-resident cells. Thus, disease-relevant T cells and B cells from the gut and blood can be studied at the level of single cells. Here we review single-cell studies providing information on such adaptive immune cells and outline some future perspectives in the area of single-cell analysis in autoimmune diseases.

单细胞分析是一项强大的技术，近年来得到广泛应用。对于涉及适应性免疫的疾病，抗原特异性 T 细胞和 B 细胞的单细胞分析特别有用。在自身免疫性疾病中，适应性免疫系统显然在发挥作用，但识别识别疾病相关抗原的罪魁祸首 T 细胞和 B 细胞的能力可能很困难。乳糜泻是一种广泛存在的具有自身免疫成分的疾病，它的独特之处在于 T 细胞和 B 细胞的疾病相关抗原是明确的。此外，乳糜泻肠道病变很容易接近，允许对组织驻留细胞进行取样。因此，可以在单细胞水平上研究来自肠道和血液的疾病相关 T 细胞和 B 细胞。