A distributed system keeps consistency by disallowing data anomalies. However, especially in the database, the definitions of data anomalies in the current ANSI standard are controversial. The standard does not include all anomalies and does not introduce characters of anomalies. First, the definitions lack a mathematical formalization and cause ambiguous interpretations. Second, the definitions of anomalies are case-by-case, which could not have a comprehensive understanding of data anomalies. In this paper, we propose a ring anomalies detection method (the bingo model) in the distribution system and applying it to databases. The bingo model introduces anomalies construction and gives the base anomalies formalization method. Based on anomalies we propose consistency levels. We prove the simplified anomaly rings in the model to classified anomalies to give the independent consistency levels. We specify the bingo model to databases and find 22 anomalies in addition to existing anomalies.

中文翻译：

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数据异常的环形模型

分布式系统通过禁止数据异常来保持一致性。但是，尤其是在数据库方面，现行ANSI标准中对数据异常的定义存在争议。该标准不包括所有异常，也没有引入异常的特征。首先，这些定义缺乏数学形式化并导致含糊不清的解释。其次，异常的定义是个案，无法全面了解数据异常。在本文中，我们提出了一种分布式系统中的环异常检测方法（宾果模型）并将其应用到数据库中。宾果模型引入了异常构造并给出了基本的异常形式化方法。我们根据异常情况提出一致性级别。我们证明模型中的简化异常环对异常进行分类以给出独立的一致性级别。我们将宾果模型指定给数据库，并在现有异常之外找到 22 个异常。