In this study, main characteristics controlling the evolution of groundwater chemistry were assessed by employing hydrochemical methods along with environmental stable isotope (δ¹⁸O, δ²H, and δ¹³C) techniques in major and complex karstic resources in Paveh–Javanrud (PV─JR) area, northwest (NW) of Iran. Thirty-four water samples from caves, springs, and wells were collected during two seasons for major ions (cations and anions) as well as stable isotope investigations on December 2014 (wet season) and October 2015 (dry season). Additionally, nine samples were also acquired from monthly precipitation (January 2015 till November 2015) for isotopic analyses from PV climatology station. Determining meteoric water line of Paveh (PMWL, δ²H = 6.9 δ¹⁸O + 11.9, R² = 0.97) indicates that the origination of air masses of the region was found to be Mediterranean Sea. Hydrogeochemical investigations, on the other hand, indicated that three major formations including a pure limestone, Bistoun formation (JKb), and two limestones with some sort of impurities, i.e., Ilam–Sarvak (KIl-KSv) and Goru (Gr.) affected the water resources of the region. Regarding δ¹⁸O and δ²H results, most of karstic resources are plotted near PMWL and represent depleted isotopic values due to recharging from high altitudes. Finally, carbon isotope investigation was also utilized to determine the main source of carbon which was found to be carbonate dissolution and C4 plants. Furthermore, the karst development type (less-, moderate-, and well-developed) of all formations were identified. Providing that isotopic findings are complementary to hydrochemical features, this study gives an in-depth understanding of vulnerable karstic terrains in NW Iran, which are highly important frameworks for effective water management.

在这项研究中，通过采用水化学方法以及环境稳定同位素（δ ¹⁸ O、δ ² H 和 δ ¹³ C）技术，在 Paveh-Javanrud（PV ─JR）地区，伊朗西北部（NW）。2014 年 12 月（雨季）和 2015 年 10 月（旱季）的主要离子（阳离子和阴离子）以及稳定同位素调查在两个季节收集了来自洞穴、泉水和井的 34 个水样。此外，还从每月降水（2015 年 1 月至 2015 年 11 月）中获取了 9 个样本，用于光伏气候站的同位素分析。确定 Paveh 的大气水线 (PMWL, δ ²H = 6.9 δ ¹⁸ O + 11.9, R ²  = 0.97) 表明该地区的气团起源于地中海。另一方面，水文地球化学研究表明，三个主要地层包括纯石灰岩 Bistoun 地层 (JKb) 和两个含有某种杂质的石灰岩，即 Ilam-Sarvak (KIl-KSv) 和 Goru (Gr.)该地区的水资源。关于δ ¹⁸ O 和δ ²H 结果，大部分岩溶资源绘制在 PMWL 附近，代表由于高海拔补给而消耗的同位素值。最后，还利用碳同位素调查来确定碳的主要来源，即碳酸盐溶解和 C4 植物。此外，确定了所有地层的岩溶发育类型（欠发达、中等和发达）。假设同位素发现与水化学特征相辅相成，本研究深入了解了伊朗西北部脆弱的岩溶地形，这是有效水资源管理的非常重要的框架。