Dual-passivation of MAPbI₃-based perovskite using p-toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA) in the bulk and hydrophobic polystyrene (PS) at the surface significantly diminishes the trap-density and improves the device performances substantially. The sulfonic acid functional group of PTSA interacts with the defects in perovskite and passivates the trap-states, while PS repairs the surface defects and increases the moisture resistance of perovskites. Thus, improvement in perovskite crystallinity and formation of larger grain size occurs because of dual-passivation, thereby enhancing the power conversion efficiency (PCE) to 20.62% from 15.14% of the device without passivation. Notably, the large-area dual-passivated device also displays a PCE of ∼18.5%. The modified device (PTSA2PS2) showcases reduced hysteresis and a steady-state output of >20%. The PTSA2PS2-based devices exhibit higher photogenerated charges, lower charge recombination, reduced trap-density, and better charge transport than the control devices. The modified device retains 93% of the original PCE after 1000 h under ambient condition.

中文翻译：

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提高钙钛矿太阳能电池环境稳定性的双钝化策略

使用p 对基于MAPbI ₃的钙钛矿进行双重钝化本体中的甲苯磺酸 (PTSA) 和表面的疏水性聚苯乙烯 (PS) 显着降低了陷阱密度并显着提高了器件性能。PTSA 的磺酸官能团与钙钛矿中的缺陷相互作用并钝化陷阱态，而 PS 修复表面缺陷并增加钙钛矿的耐湿性。因此，由于双钝化，钙钛矿结晶度的提高和更大晶粒尺寸的形成发生，从而将功率转换效率（PCE）从没有钝化的器件的 15.14% 提高到 20.62%。值得注意的是，大面积双钝化器件的 PCE 也约为 18.5%。改进后的器件 (PTSA2PS2) 显示出更低的滞后和 >20% 的稳态输出。与控制器件相比，基于 PTSA2PS2 的器件具有更高的光生电荷、更低的电荷复合、降低的陷阱密度和更好的电荷传输。在环境条件下 1000 小时后，改进后的装置保留了原始 PCE 的 93%。