Reactions of core–shell iron nanoparticles with metal(loid)s in water can form an array of nanostructures such as Ag-seed/dendrite, As-subshell, U-yolk, Co-hollowshell, and Cs-spot. Nonetheless, there is a lack of profound understanding in the genesis of these amazing geometries. Herein, we propose a concept to unravel the interdiffusion between the core–shell iron nanoparticle and metal(loid)s, where several key interactions including the Kirkendall effect, metal(loid) character effect, and reaction condition effect are involved in determining the structure of the final solid reaction products. Particularly, the architectural growths of metal(loid)s with iron nanoparticles in water can be manipulated mutually or singly by the following factors: standard redox potential difference, magnetic property, electrical charge and conductivity, as well as the iron (hydr)oxide shell structure under different solution chemistry and operation conditions. This contribution provides a theoretical basis to rationalize the architectural genesis of various metal(loid)s with iron nanoparticles, which will benefit the real practice for synthesizing functional iron-based nanoparticles and recovering the rare/precious metal(loid)s by iron nanoparticles from water.

中文翻译：

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含铁纳米粒子的金属（液体）在水中的结构成因

核壳铁纳米粒子与水中的金属（液体）反应可以形成一系列纳米结构，如 Ag 种子/枝晶、As-亚壳、U-蛋黄、Co-空心壳和 Cs-点。尽管如此，人们对这些惊人几何形状的起源缺乏深刻的理解。在这里，我们提出了一个概念来解开核壳铁纳米粒子与金属（液）之间的相互扩散，其中包括柯肯德尔效应、金属（液）特性效应和反应条件效应在内的几个关键相互作用参与了结构的确定最终的固体反应产物。特别是，金属（类）与铁纳米粒子在水中的结构生长可以通过以下因素相互或单独控制：标准氧化还原电位差、磁性、电荷和电导率，以及不同溶液化学和操作条件下的氧化铁（氢氧化物）壳结构。这一贡献为合理化铁纳米颗粒的各种金属（类）的结构起源提供了理论基础，这将有利于合成功能性铁基纳米颗粒和通过铁纳米颗粒回收稀有/贵金属（类）的实际实践。水。