To scale up production of perovskite photovoltaics, state-of-the-art laboratory recipes and processes must be transferred to large-area coating and drying systems. The development of in situ monitoring methods that provide real-time feedback for process control is pivotal to overcome this challenge. Herein, correlative in situ multichannel imaging (IMI) obtaining reflectance, photoluminescence intensity, and central photoluminescence emission wavelength images on areas larger than 100 ${\text{cm}}^2$cm2${\text{cm}}^2$ with subsecond temporal resolution using a simple, cost-effective setup is demonstrated. Installed on top of a drying channel with controllable laminar air flow and substrate temperature, IMI is shown to consistently monitor solution film drying, perovskite nucleation, and perovskite crystallization. If the processing parameters differ, IMI reveals characteristic changes in large-area perovskite formation dynamics already before the final annealing step. Moreover, when IMI is used to study >130 blade-coated devices processed at the same parameters, about 90% of low-performing devices contain coating inhomogeneities detected by IMI. The results demonstrate that IMI should be of value for real-time 2D monitoring and feedback control in industrial-scale, high-throughput fabrication such as roll-to-roll printing.

中文翻译：

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用于大面积监测溶液处理钙钛矿层形态形成的相关原位多通道成像

为了扩大钙钛矿光伏的生产，必须将最先进的实验室配方和工艺转移到大面积涂层和干燥系统中。开发为过程控制提供实时反馈的现场监测方法对于克服这一挑战至关重要。在此，相关原位多通道成像 (IMI) 在大于 100 的区域上获得反射率、光致发光强度和中心光致发光发射波长图像${\text{厘米}}^2$厘米2${\text{cm}}^2$演示了使用简单、经济高效的设置的亚秒级时间分辨率。IMI 安装在具有可控层流气流和基板温度的干燥通道顶部，可始终监控溶液膜干燥、钙钛矿成核和钙钛矿结晶。如果加工参数不同，IMI 在最终退火步骤之前就已经揭示了大面积钙钛矿形成动力学的特征变化。此外，当使用 IMI 研究在相同参数下处理的超过 130 个刀片涂层设备时，大约 90% 的低性能设备包含 IMI 检测到的涂层不均匀性。结果表明，IMI 应该对工业规模、高通量制造（如卷对卷打印）中的实时 2D 监控和反馈控制具有价值。