Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are an ancient and highly successful group of viruses that have co-evolved with their host to replicate in specific anatomical niches of the stratified epithelia. They replicate persistently in dividing cells, hijack key host cellular processes to manipulate the cellular environment and escape immune detection, and produce virions in terminally differentiated cells that are shed from the host. Some HPVs cause benign, proliferative lesions on the skin and mucosa, and others are associated with the development of cancer. However, most HPVs cause infections that are asymptomatic and inapparent unless the immune system becomes compromised. To date, the genomes of almost 450 distinct HPV types have been isolated and sequenced. In this Review, I explore the diversity, evolution, infectious cycle, host interactions and disease association of HPVs.

人乳头瘤病毒 (HPV) 是一组古老且非常成功的病毒，它们与宿主共同进化，在复层上皮细胞的特定解剖壁龛中复制。它们在分裂细胞中持续复制，劫持关键的宿主细胞过程以操纵细胞环境并逃避免疫检测，并在从宿主脱落的终末分化细胞中产生病毒粒子。一些 HPV 会在皮肤和粘膜上引起良性、增殖性病变，而另一些则与癌症的发展有关。然而，除非免疫系统受到损害，否则大多数 HPV 会引起无症状和不明显的感染。迄今为止，已经分离和测序了近 450 种不同 HPV 类型的基因组。在这篇评论中，我探讨了多样性、进化、传染周期，