Flower opening and closure is a crucial process in pollinator attraction. The duration of flower lifespan, the time between flower opening and closure, represents a trade-off between pollinator attraction and the cost of flower maintenance caused by increased respiration and transpiration rates, particularly when ambient temperature is high. Moreover, flower lifespan can decrease rates of autonomous self-pollination. We examined whether flower lifespan in common chicory (Cichorium intybus) is determined by pollinator availability and/or by abiotic factors such as temperature and day length. Plants were investigated in one study site in East Slovakia during the summer and autumn seasons of 2016 and 2019, respectively. Individual flower opening and closure and pollinator availability were recorded during the flowering season and across various hand-pollination treatments including self-pollination, cross-pollination, no pollination and an unmanipulated control. Flower lifespan was positively correlated to time of the season as well as to lower pollinator abundance. Unpollinated flowers remained open for a longer period than self-pollinated, cross-pollinated and control flowers. The time of the season has stronger impact on flower lifespan than the onset of pollination. Findings in this study indicate that seasonal changes characterized by daytime temperature, day length and pollinator availability need to be taken into account in research of flowering time.

花的开放和关闭是传粉媒介吸引的关键过程。花朵寿命的持续时间，即花朵开放和闭合之间的时间，代表了传粉媒介吸引力与呼吸和蒸腾速率增加引起的花卉维持成本之间的权衡，尤其是在环境温度较高的情况下。此外，花的寿命可以降低自主自花授粉的速度。我们检查了普通菊苣（Cichorium intybus) 取决于传粉媒介的可用性和/或非生物因素，例如温度和日长。分别于 2016 年和 2019 年夏季和秋季在东斯洛伐克的一个研究地点对植物进行了调查。在开花季节和各种手工授粉处理（包括自花授粉、异花授粉、无授粉和未操纵控制）中记录了个体花朵的开放和关闭以及传粉媒介的可用性。花的寿命与季节时间以及较低的传粉媒介丰度呈正相关。与自花授粉、异花授粉和对照花相比，未授粉的花保持开放的时间更长。与授粉开始时间相比，季节对花朵寿命的影响更大。