Microglia are macrophages that reside in the central nervous system (CNS) and belong to the innate immune system. Moreover, they are crucially involved in CNS development, maturation, and aging; further, they are closely associated with neurons. In normal conditions, microglia remain in a static state. Upon trauma or lesion occurrence, microglia can be activated and subsequently polarized into the pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory phenotype. The phenotypic transition is regulated by numerous modulators. This review focus on the literature regarding the modulators and signaling pathways involved in regulating the microglial phenotypic transition, which are rarely mentioned in other reviews. Hence, this review provides molecular insights into the microglial phenotypic transition, which could be a potential therapeutic target for neuroinflammation.

小胶质细胞是位于中枢神经系统 (CNS) 中的巨噬细胞，属于先天免疫系统。此外，它们在中枢神经系统的发育、成熟和衰老过程中起着至关重要的作用。此外，它们与神经元密切相关。在正常情况下，小胶质细胞保持静止状态。在创伤或病变发生时，小胶质细胞可以被激活并随后极化为促炎或抗炎表型。表型转变受许多调节剂调节。本综述重点关注有关调节小胶质细胞表型转变的调节剂和信号通路的文献，这些在其他综述中很少提及。因此，这篇综述提供了对小胶质细胞表型转变的分子见解，