Antimicrobial resistance has been increasing globally, which negatively affects food safety, veterinary, and human medicine. Ineffective antibiotics may cause treatment failure, which results in prolonged hospitalisation, increased mortality, and consequently, increased health care costs. Staphylococcus aureus causes a diverse range of infections including septicaemia and endocarditis. However, in food, it mainly causes food poisoning by the production of enterotoxins. With the discovery of methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains that have a separate reservoir in livestock animals, which were termed as livestock-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus (LA-MRSA) in 2005, it became clear that animals may pose another health risk. Though LA-MRSA is mainly transferred by direct contact, food transmission cannot be excluded. While the current strains are not very pathogenic, mitigation is advisable, as they may acquire new virulence genes, becoming more pathogenic, and may transfer their resistance genes. Control of LA-MRSA poses significant problems, and only Norway has an active mitigation strategy. There is limited information about LA-MRSA, MRSA in general, and other S. aureus infections from African countries. In this review, we discuss the prevalence and characteristics of antimicrobial susceptible and resistant S. aureus (with a focus on MRSA) from meat and meat products in African countries and compare it to the situation in the rest of the world.

中文翻译：

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非洲国家肉类和肉制品相关金黄色葡萄球菌的患病率和特征：综述

抗菌素耐药性在全球范围内不断增加，这对食品安全、兽医和人类医学产生了负面影响。无效的抗生素可能会导致治疗失败，从而导致住院时间延长、死亡率增加，从而增加医疗保健费用。金黄色葡萄球菌引起多种感染，包括败血症和心内膜炎。但在食物中，主要是通过产生肠毒素引起食物中毒。随着发现在家畜动物中具有单独储存库的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌菌株，这些菌株被称为与牲畜相关的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（LA-MRSA）在 2005 年，很明显动物可能构成另一种健康风险。虽然LA-MRSA主要通过直接接触传播，但不能排除食物传播。虽然目前的菌株致病性不是很强，但建议采取缓解措施，因为它们可能获得新的毒力基因，变得更具致病性，并可能转移其抗性基因。LA-MRSA 的控制带来了重大问题，只有挪威拥有积极的缓解策略。关于 LA-MRSA、一般 MRSA 和来自非洲国家的其他金黄色葡萄球菌感染的信息有限。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了对抗生素敏感和耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌的流行情况和特征 （重点是 MRSA）来自非洲国家的肉类和肉类产品，并将其与世界其他地区的情况进行比较。