Axons are a unique cellular structure that allows for the communication between neurons. Axon damage compromises neuronal communications and often leads to functional deficits. Thus, developing strategies that promote effective axon regeneration for functional restoration is highly desirable. One fruitful approach is to dissect the regenerative mechanisms used by some types of neurons in both mammalian and nonmammalian systems that exhibit spontaneous regenerative capacity. Additionally, numerous efforts have been devoted to deciphering the barriers that prevent successful axon regeneration in the most regeneration-refractory system—the adult mammalian central nervous system. As a result, several regeneration-promoting strategies have been developed, but significant limitations remain. This review is aimed to summarize historic progression and current understanding of this exciting yet incomplete endeavor.

中文翻译：

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轴突再生：多维度的亚细胞延伸

轴突是一种独特的细胞结构，允许神经元之间的通信。轴突损伤会损害神经元通讯并经常导致功能缺陷。因此，非常需要制定促进有效轴突再生以实现功能恢复的策略。一种富有成效的方法是剖析哺乳动物和非哺乳动物系统中某些类型的神经元使用的再生机制，这些神经元表现出自发的再生能力。此外，许多努力都致力于破译阻止轴突在最难再生的系统——成年哺乳动物中枢神经系统中成功再生的障碍。因此，已经开发了几种促进再生的策略，但仍然存在很大的局限性。