Sulfides and persulfides/polysulfides (R-S_n-Rʹ, n > 2; R-S_n-H, n > 1) are endogenously produced metabolites that are abundant in mammalian and human cells and tissues. The most typical persulfides that are widely distributed among different organisms include various reactive persulfides—low-molecular-weight thiol compounds such as cysteine hydropersulfide, glutathione hydropersulfide, and glutathione trisulfide as well as protein-bound thiols. These species are generally more redox-active than are other simple thiols and disulfides. Although hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) has been suggested for years to be a small signaling molecule, it is intimately linked biochemically to persulfides and may actually be more relevant as a marker of functionally active persulfides. Reactive persulfides can act as powerful antioxidants and redox signaling species and are involved in energy metabolism. Recent evidence revealed that cysteinyl-tRNA synthetases (CARSs) act as the principal cysteine persulfide synthases in mammals and contribute significantly to endogenous persulfide/polysulfide production, in addition to being associated with a battery of enzymes including cystathionine β-synthase, cystathionine γ-lyase, and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase, which have been described as H₂S-producing enzymes. The reactive sulfur metabolites including persulfides/polysulfides derived from CARS2, a mitochondrial isoform of CARS, also mediate not only mitochondrial biogenesis and bioenergetics but also anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory functions. The physiological roles of persulfides, their biosynthetic pathways, and their pathophysiology in various diseases are not fully understood, however. Developing basic and high precision techniques and methods for the detection, characterization, and quantitation of sulfides and persulfides is therefore of great importance so as to thoroughly understand and clarify the exact functions and roles of these species in cells and in vivo.

硫化物和过硫化物/多硫化物（RS _n -Rʹ，n > 2；RS _n -H，n > 1）是内源产生的代谢物，在哺乳动物和人类细胞和组织中含量丰富。广泛分布于不同生物体中的最典型的过硫化物包括各种反应性过硫化物——低分子量硫醇化合物，如氢过硫化物半胱氨酸、氢过硫化物谷胱甘肽和三硫化物谷胱甘肽以及蛋白质结合硫醇。这些物质通常比其他简单硫醇和二硫化物更具氧化还原活性。尽管硫化氢 (H ₂ S) 多年来一直被认为是一种小信号分子，但它在生化上与过硫化物密切相关，并且实际上可能更适合作为功能活性过硫化物的标记。反应性过硫化物可以充当强大的抗氧化剂和氧化还原信号物质，并参与能量代谢。最近的证据表明，半胱氨酰-tRNA 合成酶 (CARS) 是哺乳动物中主要的半胱氨酸过硫化物合酶，除了与包括胱硫醚 β-合酶、胱硫醚 γ-裂解酶在内的一系列酶相关外，对内源性过硫化物/多硫化物的产生也有显着贡献。 、和3-巯基丙酮酸硫转移酶，它们被描述为产生H ₂ S的酶。反应性硫代谢物，包括源自 CARS2（CARS 的线粒体亚型）的过硫化物/多硫化物，不仅介导线粒体生物发生和生物能学，还介导抗炎和免疫调节功能。然而，过硫化物的生理作用、其生物合成途径及其在各种疾病中的病理生理学尚未完全了解。因此，开发用于检测、表征和定量硫化物和过硫化物的基础和高精度技术和方法对于彻底了解和阐明这些物质在细胞和体内的确切功能和作用具有重要意义。