Subaqueous slope failures can evolve in various patterns. Whereas some slides run out and further evolve into highly mobile turbidity currents, others maintain a continuum-like structure and remain frontally confined. The different failure modes impose different hazard scenarios, making an understanding of their origin crucial for reliable hazard assessments. Yet many of the factors controlling their post-failure behaviour remain not well understood. In this paper, a procedure is presented for the analysis of the post-failure evolution of subaqueous landslides, using a coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian finite-element analysis approach. The procedure is applied to analyse the St Niklausen slide in Lake Lucerne (Switzerland), providing a good prediction of observed landslide features, without back-calibration of input parameters. The approach is further applied to investigate the influence of controlling parameters, highlighting effects of different strength parameters, the surrounding water and the slope stratigraphy and geometry on the landslide dynamics. The procedure presented can be generally applied to predict the post-failure evolution of subaqueous landslides and facilitates the extraction of the moving soil–water boundary, which can serve as source input for tsunami propagation modelling.

中文翻译：

---

水下滑坡破坏后演化的控制因素

水下边坡破坏可以以各种模式发展。一些滑道耗尽并进一步演变成高度流动的浊流，而另一些则保持类似连续体的结构并保持正面限制。不同的故障模式会产生不同的危险情景，因此了解其起源对于可靠的危险评估至关重要。然而，许多控制他们失败后行为的因素仍然没有得到很好的理解。在本文中，提出了一种使用耦合欧拉-拉格朗日有限元分析方法分析水下滑坡破坏后演化的程序。该程序用于分析卢塞恩湖（瑞士）的 St Niklausen 滑坡，提供对观测到的滑坡特征的良好预测，无需对输入参数进行回校准。该方法进一步应用于研究控制参数的影响，突出不同强度参数、周围水体和斜坡地层和几何形状对滑坡动力学的影响。提出的程序通常可用于预测水下滑坡的破坏后演变，并有助于提取移动的水土边界，这可以作为海啸传播建模的源输入。