Structural deformation monitoring of flight vehicles based on optical fiber sensing (OFS) technology has been a focus of research in the field of aerospace. After nearly 30 years of research and development, Chinese and international researchers have made significant advances in the areas of theory and methods, technology and systems, and ground experiments and flight tests. These advances have led to the development of OFS technology from the laboratory research stage to the engineering application stage. However, a few problems encountered in practical applications limit the wider application and further development of this technology, and thus urgently require solutions. This paper reviews the history of research on the deformation monitoring of flight vehicles. It examines various aspects of OFS-based deformation monitoring including the main varieties of OFS technology, technical advantages and disadvantages, suitability in aerospace applications, deformation reconstruction algorithms, and typical applications. This paper points out the key unresolved problems and the main evolution paradigms of engineering applications. It further discusses future development directions from the perspectives of an evolution paradigm, standardization, new materials, intelligentization, and collaboration.

基于光纤传感（OFS）技术的飞行器结构变形监测一直是航空航天领域的研究热点。经过近30年的研发，中外科研人员在理论与方法、技术与系统、地面试验与飞行试验等领域取得了重大进展。这些进步导致OFS技术从实验室研究阶段发展到工程应用阶段。但实际应用中遇到的一些问题限制了该技术的广泛应用和进一步发展，亟待解决。本文回顾了飞行器变形监测的研究历史。它研究了基于OFS的变形监测的各个方面，包括OFS技术的主要品种、技术优缺点、在航空航天应用中的适用性、变形重建算法和典型应用。指出了工程应用的关键未解决问题和主要演化范式。进一步从进化范式、标准化、新材料、智能化、协同化等角度探讨了未来的发展方向。