The effects of rewards on executive function (EF) reflect bidirectional interactions among motivational and executive systems that vary with age and temperament. However, methodological limitations hinder understanding of the precise influences of incentives on early EF, including the role of reward sensitivity. In this within-subjects study, ninety-three 3.5- to 5-year-olds (42 girls; 22% Hispanic; 78% White) residing in the United States completed equivalent EF measures (Stroop and non-Stroop phases) in both rewarded and non-rewarded conditions. Rewards enhanced Stroop accuracy and slowed overall response times (ds = 0.29–0.40). Critically, children with low parent-reported reward sensitivity exhibited greater reward-based increases in Stroop accuracy (r = −.30). These findings provide valuable insights on early motivation–cognition integration, highlighting temperament as a mechanism underlying these interactions.

中文翻译：

---

奖励对儿童 Stroop 表现的影响：与气质的相互作用

奖励对执行功能 (EF) 的影响反映了动机和执行系统之间的双向相互作用，这些系统随年龄和气质而变化。然而，方法上的限制阻碍了对激励对早期 EF 的精确影响的理解，包括奖励敏感性的作用。在这项受试者内研究中，居住在美国的 93 名 3.5 至 5 岁儿童（42 名女孩；22% 西班牙裔；78% 白人）在两个奖励阶段完成了等效的 EF 测量（Stroop 和非 Stroop 阶段）和非奖励条件。奖励提高了 Stroop 的准确性并减慢了整体响应时间（d s = 0.29–0.40）。至关重要的是，父母报告的奖励敏感性较低的孩子表现出更大的基于奖励的 Stroop 准确度增加（r = -.30)。这些发现为早期动机 - 认知整合提供了有价值的见解，强调气质是这些相互作用的潜在机制。