Fluorescent tools have emerged as an important tool for studying the distinct chemical microenvironments of organelles, due to their high specificity and ability to be used in non-destructive, live cellular studies. These tools fall largely in two categories: exogenous fluorescent dyes, or endogenous labels such as genetically encoded fluorescent proteins. In both cases, the probe must be targeted to the organelle of interest. To date, many organelle-targeted fluorescent tools have been reported and used to uncover new information about processes that underpin health and disease. However, the majority of these tools only apply a handful of targeting groups, and less-studied organelles have few robust targeting strategies. While the development of new, robust strategies is difficult, it is essential to develop such strategies to allow for the development of new tools and broadening the effective study of organelles. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the major targeting strategies for both endogenous and exogenous fluorescent cargo, outlining the specific challenges for targeting each organelle type and as well as new developments in the field.

中文翻译：

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荧光探针的细胞器靶向策略

荧光工具已成为研究细胞器独特化学微环境的重要工具，因为它们具有高特异性和可用于非破坏性活细胞研究的能力。这些工具主要分为两类：外源性荧光染料或内源性标记，如基因编码的荧光蛋白。在这两种情况下，探针都必须针对感兴趣的细胞器。迄今为止，已经报道了许多针对细胞器的荧光工具，并用于发现有关支持健康和疾病的过程的新信息。然而，这些工具中的大多数只适用于少数靶向组，研究较少的细胞器几乎没有强大的靶向策略。虽然很难制定新的、强有力的战略，必须制定此类战略，以便开发新工具并扩大对细胞器的有效研究。本综述旨在全面概述内源性和外源性荧光货物的主要靶向策略，概述靶向每种细胞器类型的具体挑战以及该领域的新发展。