Implantable nanogenerators (i-NG) provide power to cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) by harvesting biomechanical energy locally eliminating the need for batteries. However, its long-term operation and biological influences on the heart have not been tested. Here, we evaluate a soft and flexible i-NG system engineered for long-term in vivo cardiac implantation. It consisted of i-NG, leads, and receivers, and was implanted on the epicardium of swine hearts for 2 months. The i-NG system generated electric current throughout the testing period. Biocompatibility and biosafety were established based on normal blood and serum test results and no tissue reactions. Heart function was unchanged over the testing period as validated by normal electrocardiogram (ECG), transthoracic ultrasound, and invasive cardiac functional measures. This research demonstrates the safety, long term operation and therefore the feasibility of using i-NGs to power the next generation CIEDs.

植入式纳米发电机 (i-NG) 通过局部收集生物力学能量，为心血管植入式电子设备 (CIED) 提供电力，从而消除对电池的需求。然而，其长期运行和对心脏的生物学影响尚未经过测试。在这里，我们评估了一种柔软且灵活的 i-NG 系统，该系统专为长期体内心脏植入而设计。它由i-NG、导线和接收器组成，被植入猪心外膜2个月。i-NG 系统在整个测试期间产生电流。生物相容性和生物安全性是根据正常的血液和血清测试结果以及无组织反应建立的。通过正常心电图 (ECG)、经胸超声和侵入性心脏功能测量验证，心脏功能在测试期间没有变化。这项研究证明了使用 i-NG 为下一代 CIED 提供动力的安全性和长期运行的可行性。