By virtue of their large surface area, extensive charge delocalization, good conductivity, and high mass transfer efficiency, heteroatom-doped hierarchically porous carbons are ideal micro/nano reactors or catalysts for various electrochemical processes. Bovine blood plasma, a major by-product of the food industry, contains abundant organic–inorganic composites (e.g., bovine serum albumin and NaCl). We have prepared several biocarbons with different doping states and porosities by pyrolysis of the organic–inorganic aggregates in blood plasma in the presence of alkali or alkaline earth metal (AM) salts. In the case of AM = Ca, synergistic effects associated with molten NaCl etching and pyrolysis-generated CaO/CaClOH templates lead to porous carbons (denoted as PC-Ca/Na) having multimodal pores and high nitrogen concentrations. As a result, PC-Ca/Na proves to be an excellent carbon-based metal-free electrocatalyst with a remarkable positive half-wave potential of 0.88 V, and a negative shift of only 3 mV after 10,000 potential cycles. Zn–air batteries fabricated by using PC-Ca/Na exhibit a peak power density of 152 mW cm^–2 at a current density of 242 mA cm⁻², outperforming a benchmark Pt/C catalyst. The multimodal-pore formation strategy developed in this work offers an effective approach to make full use of biowaste to fabricate high-performance device materials.

凭借其大表面积、广泛的电荷离域、良好的导电性和高传质效率，杂原子掺杂的分级多孔碳是各种电化学过程的理想微/纳米反应器或催化剂。牛血浆是食品工业的主要副产品，含有丰富的有机-无机复合物（例如、牛血清白蛋白和氯化钠）。我们通过在碱金属或碱土金属 (AM) 盐的存在下热解血浆中的有机-无机聚集体，制备了几种具有不同掺杂状态和孔隙率的生物碳。在 AM = Ca 的情况下，与熔融 NaCl 蚀刻和热解生成的 CaO/CaClOH 模板相关的协同效应导致多孔碳（表示为 PC-Ca/Na）具有多峰孔和高氮浓度。因此，PC-Ca/Na 被证明是一种优异的碳基无金属电催化剂，具有显着的 0.88 V 正半波电位，并且在 10,000 次电位循环后负移仅 3 mV。使用 PC-Ca/Na 制造的锌空气电池在 242 mA cm ^-2的电流密度下表现出 152 mW cm ^–2的峰值功率密度，优于基准 Pt/C 催化剂。在这项工作中开发的多模态孔形成策略提供了一种有效的方法来充分利用生物废物来制造高性能设备材料。