Cell membrane, a semi-permeable membrane composed of phospholipid bilayers, is a natural barrier to prevent extracellular substances from freely entering the cell. Cell membrane with selective permeability and fluidity ensures the relative stability of the intracellular environment and enables various biochemical reactions to smoothly operate in an orderly manner. Inspired by the natural composition and transport process, various cell membranes and synthetic bionic films as the mimics of cell membranes have emerged as appealing camouflage materials for biosensing applications. The membranes are devoted to surface modification and substance delivery, and realize the detection or in situ analysis of multiple biomarkers, such as glucose, nucleic acids, virus, and circulating tumor cells. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in cell membrane camouflage-based biosensing applications, mainly focusing on the use of the membranes extracted from natural cells (e.g., blood cells and cancer cells) as well as biomimetic membranes. Materials and surfaces camouflaged with cell membranes are shown to have superior stability and biocompatibility as well as intrinsic properties of original cells, which greatly facilitate their use in biosensing. In specific, camouflage with blood cell membranes bestows low immunogenicity and prolonged blood circulation time, camouflage with cancer cell membranes provides homologous targeting ability, and camouflage with biomimetic membranes endows considerable plasticity for functionalization. Further research is expected to focus on the deeper understanding of cell-specific properties of membranes and the exploration of hybrid membranes, which might provide new development opportunities for cell membrane camouflage-based biosensing application.

细胞膜是一种由磷脂双层构成的半透膜，是阻止细胞外物质自由进入细胞的天然屏障。具有选择性通透性和流动性的细胞膜，保证了细胞内环境的相对稳定，使各种生化反应顺利有序地进行。受自然组成和运输过程的启发，各种细胞膜和合成仿生膜作为细胞膜的模拟物已成为生物传感应用的有吸引力的伪装材料。膜致力于表面改性和物质输送，并实现检测或原位分析多种生物标志物，如葡萄糖、核酸、病毒和循环肿瘤细胞。在这篇综述中，我们总结了基于细胞膜伪装的生物传感应用的最新进展，主要关注从天然细胞（例如血细胞和癌细胞）以及仿生膜中提取的膜的使用。用细胞膜伪装的材料和表面显示出具有优异的稳定性和生物相容性以及原始细胞的内在特性，这极大地促进了它们在生物传感中的应用。具体而言，用血细胞膜伪装赋予低免疫原性和延长血液循环时间，用癌细胞膜伪装提供同源靶向能力，用仿生膜伪装赋予功能化相当大的可塑性。