That trade-offs result from the allocation of limited resources is a central concept of life history evolution. Many plants combine sexual reproduction with asexual reproduction, and the relationships between different reproductive modes reflect more general plant reproduction and resource allocation strategies, but how trade-offs between these reproductive modes affect fitness when plants face environmental changes, especially caused by changed growing seasons, is poorly understood. A long florescence (from late April to early November) and combined with sexual and asexual reproduction species, Trifolium repens, was selected in this study. We divided the flowering time of T. repens into three flowering phases, early (May to July), middle (July to September) and late (September to November), and compared the changes of environmental factors, pollinators, plant reproductive traits, resource allocation strategies and fitness of two reproductive modes at different phases, aiming to test how clonal plants change reproduction strategy to respond the environmental changes. Our results showed that the pollinator visitation activity was highest in early flowering phase and decreased as the season progressed. The seasonal fluctuations of environment condition and pollinators lead to significant differences in floral traits: the inflorescence size increased significantly in middle flowering phase (the flower length, flower numbers and inflorescence diameter were increased), and did not differ significantly between early and late flowering; the flower duration prolonged significantly in late flowering phase, but there was no significant difference between early and late flowering phase; inflorescence number and seed yield decreased along with the seasonal changing, i.e. bear the most at early, and the least inflorescences at late flowering phases. On the contrary, quantitative characteristics of stolon were increased as the season progressed. Correspondingly, a significant increase of resource allocated to sexual reproduction and decrease to asexual reproduction as the season progressed. These results indicate that the environmental factors in different flowering phases and corresponding variation in pollinators lead to different phenotypes, ultimately resulting in the divergence of plant reproductive traits. T. repens can adjust investment in the two reproductive modes with respect to the cost required for each new plant under different environment, and predicted to regulate overall fitness.

有限资源分配的权衡是生命史进化的核心概念。许多植物将有性繁殖与无性繁殖结合起来，不同繁殖方式之间的关系反映了更普遍的植物繁殖和资源分配策略，但是当植物面临环境变化，尤其是生长季节变化引起的环境变化时，这些繁殖方式之间的权衡如何影响适应性，不太了解。本研究选择了长花期（从 4 月下旬到 11 月上旬）并结合有性和无性繁殖物种，白三叶。我们划分了T. repens的开花时间分为早（5-7月）、中（7-9月）和晚（9-11月）三个花期，比较了两种繁殖方式在环境因素、传粉媒介、植物繁殖性状、资源配置策略和适应性等方面的变化。不同阶段，旨在测试克隆植物如何改变繁殖策略以应对环境变化。我们的结果表明，授粉媒介的访问活动在开花早期最高，随着季节的进行而减少。环境条件和传粉媒介的季节性波动导致花卉性状的显着差异：花序大小在开花中期显着增加（花长、花数和花序直径增加），早花和晚花没有显着差异；花期在晚花期显着延长，但早花期与晚花期无显着差异；花序数和种子产量随季节变化而减少，即开花初期开花最多，开花后期开花最少。相反，随着季节的进行，匍匐茎的数量特征增加。相应地，随着季节的进行，分配给有性繁殖的资源显着增加，而分配给无性繁殖的资源显着减少。这些结果表明，不同开花时期的环境因素和授粉媒介的相应变异导致不同的表型，最终导致植物生殖性状的分化。花期在晚花期显着延长，但早花期与晚花期无显着差异；花序数和种子产量随季节变化而减少，即开花初期开花最多，开花后期开花最少。相反，随着季节的进行，匍匐茎的数量特征增加。相应地，随着季节的进行，分配给有性繁殖的资源显着增加，而分配给无性繁殖的资源显着减少。这些结果表明，不同开花时期的环境因素和授粉媒介的相应变异导致不同的表型，最终导致植物生殖性状的分化。花期在晚花期显着延长，但早花期与晚花期无显着差异；花序数和种子产量随季节变化而减少，即开花初期开花最多，开花后期开花最少。相反，随着季节的进行，匍匐茎的数量特征增加。相应地，随着季节的进行，分配给有性繁殖的资源显着增加，而分配给无性繁殖的资源显着减少。这些结果表明，不同开花时期的环境因素和授粉媒介的相应变异导致不同的表型，最终导致植物生殖性状的分化。但早花期和晚花期无显着差异；花序数和种子产量随季节变化而减少，即开花初期开花最多，开花后期开花最少。相反，随着季节的进行，匍匐茎的数量特征增加。相应地，随着季节的进行，分配给有性繁殖的资源显着增加，而分配给无性繁殖的资源显着减少。这些结果表明，不同开花时期的环境因素和授粉媒介的相应变异导致不同的表型，最终导致植物生殖性状的分化。但早花期与晚花期无显着差异；花序数和种子产量随季节变化而减少，即开花初期开花最多，开花后期开花最少。相反，随着季节的进行，匍匐茎的数量特征增加。相应地，随着季节的进行，分配给有性繁殖的资源显着增加，而分配给无性繁殖的资源显着减少。这些结果表明，不同开花时期的环境因素和授粉媒介的相应变异导致不同的表型，最终导致植物生殖性状的分化。花序数和种子产量随季节变化而减少，即开花初期开花最多，开花后期开花最少。相反，随着季节的进行，匍匐茎的数量特征增加。相应地，随着季节的进行，分配给有性繁殖的资源显着增加，而分配给无性繁殖的资源显着减少。这些结果表明，不同开花时期的环境因素和授粉媒介的相应变异导致不同的表型，最终导致植物生殖性状的分化。花序数和种子产量随季节变化而减少，即开花初期开花最多，开花后期开花最少。相反，随着季节的进行，匍匐茎的数量特征增加。相应地，随着季节的进行，分配给有性繁殖的资源显着增加，而分配给无性繁殖的资源显着减少。这些结果表明，不同开花时期的环境因素和授粉媒介的相应变异导致不同的表型，最终导致植物生殖性状的分化。随着季节的进行，分配给有性繁殖的资源显着增加，而分配给无性繁殖的资源显着增加。这些结果表明，不同开花时期的环境因素和授粉媒介的相应变异导致不同的表型，最终导致植物生殖性状的分化。随着季节的进行，分配给有性繁殖的资源显着增加，而分配给无性繁殖的资源显着增加。这些结果表明，不同开花时期的环境因素和授粉媒介的相应变异导致不同的表型，最终导致植物生殖性状的分化。T. repens可以根据不同环境下每种新植物所需的成本调整两种繁殖模式的投资，并预测调节整体适应性。