Background Heat exposure is a risk factor for urologic diseases. However, there are limited existing studies that have examined the relationship between high temperatures and urologic disease. The aim of this study was to examine the associations between heat exposure and hospitalizations for urologic diseases in Queensland, Australia, during the hot seasons of 1995–2016 and to quantify the attributable risks. Methods We obtained 238 427 hospitalized cases with urologic diseases from Queensland Health between 1 December 1995 and 31 December 2016. Meteorological data were collected from the Scientific Information for Land Owners—a publicly accessible database of Australian climate data that provides daily data sets for a range of climate variables. A time-stratified, case-crossover design fitted with the conditional quasi-Poisson regression model was used to estimate the associations between temperature and hospitalizations for urologic diseases at the postcode level during each hot season (December–March). Attributable rates of hospitalizations for urologic disease due to heat exposure were calculated. Stratified analyses were performed by age, sex, climate zone, socio-economic factors and cause-specific urologic diseases. Results We found that a 1°C increase in temperature was associated with a 3.3% [95% confidence interval (CI): 2.9%, 3.7%] increase in hospitalization for the selected urologic diseases during the hot season. Hospitalizations for renal failure showed the strongest increase 5.88% (95% CI: 5.25%, 6.51%) among the specific causes of hospital admissions considered. Males and the elderly (≥60 years old) showed stronger associations with heat exposure than females and younger groups. The sex- and age-specific associations with heat exposure were similar across specific causes of urologic diseases. Overall, nearly one-fifth of hospitalizations for urologic diseases were attributable to heat exposure in Queensland. Conclusions Heat exposure is associated with increased hospitalizations for urologic disease in Queensland during the hot season. This finding reinforces the pressing need for dedicated public health-promotion campaigns that target susceptible populations, especially for those more predisposed to renal failure. Given that short-term climate projections identify an increase in the frequency, duration and intensity of heatwaves, this public health advisory will be of increasing urgency in coming years.

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1995-2016 年澳大利亚昆士兰州因热暴露导致泌尿系统疾病住院的归因风险

背景 热暴露是泌尿系统疾病的危险因素。然而，现有的研究有限，研究了高温与泌尿系统疾病之间的关系。本研究的目的是研究 1995-2016 年炎热季节澳大利亚昆士兰州的热暴露与泌尿系统疾病住院之间的关联，并量化归因风险。方法 我们在 1995 年 12 月 1 日至 2016 年 12 月 31 日期间从昆士兰卫生局获得了 238 427 例泌尿系统疾病住院病例。气象数据来自土地所有者科学信息——一个可公开访问的澳大利亚气候数据数据库，提供一系列每日数据集的气候变量。一个时间分层，使用符合条件准泊松回归模型的病例交叉设计来估计每个炎热季节（12 月至 3 月）邮政编码水平的温度与泌尿系统疾病住院之间的关联。计算了因热暴露导致的泌尿系统疾病住院率。按年龄、性别、气候区、社会经济因素和病因特异性泌尿系统疾病进行分层分析。结果 我们发现，在炎热季节，温度每升高 1°C，所选泌尿系统疾病的住院率就会增加 3.3% [95% 置信区间 (CI)：2.9%, 3.7%]。在考虑的入院具体原因中，肾功能衰竭住院人数增幅最大，为 5.88%（95% CI：5.25%、6.51%）。与女性和年轻群体相比，男性和老年人（≥60 岁）与热暴露的相关性更强。在泌尿系统疾病的特定原因中，与热暴露的性别和年龄相关性相似。总体而言，近五分之一的泌尿系统疾病住院可归因于昆士兰州的高温暴露。结论 在炎热季节，高温暴露与昆士兰泌尿系统疾病住院人数增加有关。这一发现加强了针对易感人群的专门公共卫生促进运动的迫切需要，特别是对于那些更易患肾功能衰竭的人群。鉴于短期气候预测表明热浪的频率、持续时间和强度会增加，因此这项公共卫生咨询在未来几年将变得越来越紧迫。